MUG LUC
Trang
Phan Ma dau 1
ChuoTig
1: Mo
hinh
Mesopuff II 4
1.1. Ca sa
ly ihuye't
4
1.1.1.
Xirly
cac yeu to
khi lugtig
Mesopac 4
1.1.1.1.
Trucmg
gio 4
1
1.1.2.
V^n
i6c
ma sal be mat 7
1.1.1.3. Do cao
16p
xao
Iron
10
1.1.2.
Tinh
loan khuech tan trong Mesopuff 11

sdphuong
phap
lijihloan
lugng phat thai theo so lieu
saeap
33
2.1.1.
Cach ixac tinh khi
thai cua To
chire
Y le the
gi6i
(WHO) 33
2.1.2. Cach Lr6c
linh ciia
Strauss W., Mainwaring S. J 42
2.1.3.
Cach
ix6c tinh khi
thai theo Van phong Tieu
ehudn
va Ke
hoach
Chat lugng Khong
khi,
ciia Caquan
Bao ve moi
trirang
My 43
2T.4.

Chuong 3.
Tinh
toan ap dung cho
viing
Ha Noi 53
3.1.
Khai
qiial
chung ve hien trang moi trucmg khong
khi
khu vue Ha ngi 53
3.2.
Tinh loan ap
dung 53
3.2.1.
So lieu
khi lugng 53
3.2.2.
l/dc
tinh
khi
thai lai cac
ngudn
57
3.2.3.
Ket qua linh loan va so sanh vai ket qua do dac 58
3.3.
Danh gia anh hucmg
cua
he so khuech tan 64

deu biet
r^g
khong khi la moi trucmg song cua muon
loai
va la tai
nguyen
v6
cung qui gia cua nhan loai
nhimg
bau khong khi xung quanh la khong
phai la
v6
Ian.
Chinh
vi
vay, van de chong
6
nhiSm moi trucmg khong khi la nhiem
vu bans dau irons
eon^
cuoc bao ve va lam saeh moi
trucmfr khons
khi"
noi
riene
va
moi trucmg song noi chung.
O
nhiSm
khong khi con gay ra cac hien tugng mua axil, hieu iing nha

nghiep ehua dugc trang hi cac he thong
Igc,
xu ly bui va khi doc hai va hang gia,
hang ngay thai vao bau
khi
quyen mot lugng khong
16
cac chat doc
hai,
lam
vain
due
khong khi ca mot
viing
rgng
1cm
xung quanh nha may.
Muc do
6
nhiSm khong khi gan mat dat khong the ehi danh gia bang lugng
thai cua cac nguon
6 nhiSm
ma eon
b^ng
sir
phan bo cua cac chat
6 nhi^m
trong
khong gian va theo thai gian thong qua cac tham so cua cac h6n hgp hoi
khi

ciia
lap chat: No thoat
ra
liir
nguon nao, dich chuyen ra sao va
phai
tan vao
Icfp
bien khi quyen nhu the nao?.
Nguon lap chat do c6 the la
didm
, ducmg hoac dien
lich,
no tac dgng
tire
thdi hay
laudai.
[16-18].
Neu du bao hay
biel Inrdc
dugc cac tham hoa xau ve moi trucmg xay ra, c6
the giup chung la phong tranh hay lam giam
ihieu
dugc cac
ihiet
hai do. Do vay, van
de du bao
6 nhiSm
moi tnrong khong khi c6 mot y
nghia

hinh JVTESOPUFF n
[19] va mot so van
dt
lien quan lam doi
tirgng. Mo
hinh
MESOPUFF II dugc USEPA (Cue moi
tmong
My) phe
duyel
cho
phep
sir
dung danh gia linh loan chat lugng moi trucmg khong
khi
khu vue. Mo hinh
MESOPUFF II la mo
hinh
chong chum khoi c6 quy dao bien thien. Mo hinh nay
phu hgp cho viee mo
hinh
hoa qua trinh truyen lai,
phat
tan cua cac chat
6 nhilm ti^r
cac nguon
di6m,
nguon duong va nguon dien lich tai cac khoang
each virgt
qua

nhiSm.
- Ap dung tinh loan, phan lich cho mot
ddi
lugng, khu
vire
eu
thd.
Bo cue cua luan van ngoai Phan Ma dau, c6 3 chuong ngi dung trong do
Chuong I: Mo hinh MESOPUFF II, giai thieu ve bg phan mem ca so khoa
hge va eau
triic
chuong trinh.
3
Chuong
H:
Tinh loan lugng phat thai, de cap den
vi^c
tinh loan lugng phat
thai
i\i
cac so lieu sa cap theo
mOl
so phuong phap
ihOng
dung hien nay,
eijng
mot
so phan lich danh gia.
Chuong HI: Tinh toan ap dung cho
viing

7.7.7.
Xu ly cac yeu
to
khi
tugng
Mesopac
LLLl.
Trudng gio
Mesopac tao trucmg gio theo
lirng
gia lai m6i diem lLr6i tinh tai 2 do cao dugc
ngu5i sir
dung
lira
chgn: trucmg gio lang thap dai dien cho dong 16p bien, va trucmg
gio lang tren dai dien cho dong tren
Icfp
bien. Trucmg gio tang thap dugc su dung
d^'
tinh truyen lai
chiim
khoi trong 16p xao
Iron
va xae dinh do nang lu6ng thai
ciia
cac
chum khoi mai phat ra. Gio tang tren dugc
sir
dung de tinh truyen lai chum khoi tren
16p

chgn 16p phu hgp nhat
dc5i
v6i m6i trucmg gio. Bang 1.1
irinh
bay cac
lira
chgn cho phep.
Bang
LL
Cac
lira digit trirang
gio lap
dirdi
va tren
Lira
ebon Du lieu
klii tirons
Gio trung binh theo chieu cao
Tu be mat den do cao xao
iron'"
Be mat, cao kliong
Do cao xao
Iron
den 850 mb Cao
khons
Do cao xao
Iron
den 700
mb'^*
Cao khong

(~
3000m)
cho
tarcmg
gio lop tren. Tuy nhien, neu muon,
ngirofi
su dung c6 the
lira
chgn nhung
muc khac de xac dinh trucmg gio (vi du, 16p be mat, lap 850 mb). Mo hinh c6 the
tao ra mot tnrcmg gio duy nhat
bang
vice cho trucmg gio
16p
tren va lap
dirai giang
nhau.
Gio trung binh lai
Icp
xao
Iron
dirge tinh tu so lieu do gio 2
lAn/1
ngay tu
cae
tram cao khong va so lieu be mat trucmg gio
lir
mang
lu6i
day dac hon cae tram mat

va 12 GMT.
(2)
Sir
dung cac thong tin cao khong da
lira
chgn trong
birac (1)
cac thanh
phan gio
Irung
binh theo chieu cao u va v dugc
tinh
cho lop
lu
be
mai
cho den diem lu6i bang do cao xao
iron.
(3) Sau do tinh ty le
ciia iCk
do gio trung binh theo lap so vai
loe
do gio bo
mat tai tram cao khong va
sir
khac biet ve huong gio
ciia
chung.
(4) So lieu
gic)

Ug,
v^:
la
ihanh
phan gio theo true x (dong) va y (bac) cua gio be mat
lai
di^m lu6i
(i,j).
u^.,
v^:
la cae thanh phan theo true x (dong) va y (bac)
ciia
gio be mat
lai tram be mat k.
r^:
la
khoang
each lir
tram be mat l6i diem
lucifi
(i,j).
a^:
he so ly Irgng
(a^
- 1- 0.5
I
sin(j),
I,
trong do
(j),

v^
trong
bircye
(4) can dugc tinh theo
limg
gia
khong phu thuge vao
lira
chgn
ciia ngirc)i sir
dung ve trudng gio dung de tinh
Iruyen
lai,
vi gio be mat cung can de tinh do on dinh khi
quydn
va cac tham so khi tugng
lung khu vue.
Gic)
trung binh theo chieu cao
lir
do cao
iron
cho tai cac
mire
850 mb, 700mb
hay 500 mb dugc tinh theo each sau.
\'ao li'ie
00 va 12 GMT tai
mOi
tram cao khong

ciia
lap
dc^
neu khong
chircmg
trinh se thong bao loi va dung
ihue
hien.
Neu
m6t
trong cac trucmg gio kh6ng khi a
miic
rieng le tren (850 mb. 700mb,
500 mb) dugc
lira
chgn,
ihi
ehi du lieu gio lai muc da
lira
chgn dugc
sir
dung
de
tinh
trucmg gio. Vi du, gio 850 mb tai m6i diem
lir6i
dugc tinh bang each ngi suy theo
thdi gian gio
a
muc 850 mb tai m6i tram cao khong, va sau do ap dung cong

Trong do:
H: la dong nhiet
(W/m^).
HQ!
la d5ng nhiet khi khong eo bue xa
mai lr6i
(W/m^).
a:
la
hang so su dung dat
(-0.3).
R: la bue xa mat trai
(W/m^).
P:
la he so giam
bite
xa mat trai do may.
v: la goc nghieng bue xa mat
Ircfi.
C: la do due
ciia
\6p may (theo phan chuc).
Trong Bang 1.2 cho
Irirae
cac gia
iri
cua he so giam hue xa mat trai do may
(P).
Gia
iri ciia P

+
cos,i}
cosK^
cosH^
(1.5)
H,
= (7r/12)(T-EJ
-
X
(1.6)
E^-12.+0.12357
sin(D) - 0.004289 cos(D)
+
0.153809 sin(2D) 0.060783 eos(2D) (1.7)
D
= (d-l)(360/365.242)(7r/180)
(1.8)
Kd =
sin' (0.39784989 sin
(7ra^/180))
(1.9)
G:,
^
279.9348 + D(180/7r) +
1.914827
sin(D)
- 0.079525 cos(D) + 0.019938 sin(2D) - 0.00162 cos(2D) (2.10)
Trong do:
(|): la
VI

0.128
+0.005 ln(zo/z,J
zjz,,,
<0.01
1.11)
1.12)
1.13)
1.14)
1.15)
1.16)
1.17)
1980.
[0.107
Zo/z„,
>0.01
b =
1.95+32.6(zo/2j°'^
Trong do:
k: la hang so Von Karman
(•-0.4).
Cp:
la nhiet dung rieng
ciia
khong khi a ap
sual khcing
doi
(996m'/(s~.K)).
u^:
la van toe ma sat be mat.
Ujj,:

-[l
+
C
k
111
'
2
0
Zo)
C>0
^
DN"
^
111
(1.20)
10
2
YZm
U
=——
°
kA
(1.21)
Trong do
Y
va A la cac hang so c6 gia tri mac dinh
phii
hop bang 4.7 va
1100
con

z,
tai th6i diem
i
(Maul 1980).
1 2
(Zi),+1
(Ae),„
=
.y
^
2H(l + E)At 2(A9).(Z,),
2v|;,EHAt
VlPCp
W
+
(AeL,
V
(1.22)
(1.23)
y
Trong do:
vi/i!
la toe do giam nhiet do the
vi
trong lap tren
Z;.
At: la
bu6e
thai gian (3600s).
E: la hang so

nhirng
kho khan trong linh loan,
v|;i
khong cho phep nho hon gia tri loi thieu la 0.001
^K/m.
Trong dieu kien can bang phiem dinh, do cao
Idp
bien (do
irng
sual
trugi
-
shear produced tao nen) dugc tinh theo cong
thi're
cua
\^enkatram
1980:
Bu,
(fNe)
1 2
(1.24)
11
Trong do:
f: la tham so Coriolis.
B:
hang
s6
{jl).
Ng:
la tan so Brunt - Vaisala trong 16p bien on dinh.

coi
nhu dirge cai lien iix mo hinh
luong
khoi Gauss (plume)
d^
linh den
sir
bien d6i cac diiu kien khi hau trong mot vung
Ion.
Ca sa loan hgc
eiia
mo
hinh
luong khoi Gauss iruyen thong da dugc
nen
nhieu.
Vi
vay trong phan
du'di
day ehi nha'n manh va ehi tiet hoa vao nhung diem khac
nhau.
7.7.2.7.
Pliuang
trinh
titniech
tan
ctnim
t^twi
Gauss
Mesopuff

2a^,(s)
(1.26)
12
g
(s) =
2llO.^
n=-Qo
Z
e^p
l(He+2nzJ^
2
a^(s)
(1.27)
Trong do:
C(s) - Nong do cha't o
nhiSm
lai
miJc
be mat
s
-
Khoang
each
da di dugc cua chum khoi
Q(s) -
KhO'i
lugng cha't 6
nhiSm
trong chiim khoi
ay(s)

h6
so phu thuge
miic
do on dinh
eiia
khi quyen
«
X
- Khoang
each t6i
nguon.
Tuy nhien phuong trinh (1.28) ehi
diing
trong truang hgp do on dinh khong
thay
ddi
trong qua trinh dich chuyen
ciia
luong khoi. Trong trirang hgp cc) su thay
ddi,
mo hinh
sir diang
cong
Ihuc
sau
eiia
Ludwig:
(aj,
=a,[(x,X+5x^
(1.29)

Bang
1.3.
L6p on dinh
khi
quyen
A
B
C
D
E
F
a,,
0.36
0.25
0.19
0.13
0.096
0.063
b,
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
•
0.9
az
0.00023
0.058
0.11

x(t) + Ax
-
ju[t';
x(t');
y(t')]lt'
t
t+At
y(t
+
At)
=
y(t)
+ Ay=
|v[t';x(tO;y(t')]lt'
(1.33)
(1.34)
Trong do
[x(l),
y(t)] va
[x(l+At),
y(n-At)]
la tam
chiJm
khoi tai cae thai
di6m i
va
t+Al
tirong tag; Ax va Ay la cac so gia
ciia
cac khoang each x va y di

khoang thai gian At. Tuc la:
X,
=x(t)
+
(Ax),
(1.35)
14
y,
=y(t) +
(Ay),
(Ax),
-u[t;x(t),y(t)]At
(Ay),=v[t;x(t),y(t)]At
(1.36)
(1.37)
(1.38)
J+2
j+i
(x(t),y(t))
4f
(xi,yi)
y^
(x(t+At),
X
y(t+At))
(X2,y2)
1+1
1+2
1+3
Hintx

nhu
didm
bat dau
ciia
quy dao va cac
thanh phan
gio lai
thdi diem t+At
tai
didm
(Xj,
y^).
Gia
sir
gio la
khong
ddi
trong
khoang
lh5i
gian
At,
diem cuo'i
ciia
gia so nay
bang:
x^
=x,
+(Ax)3
(1.39)

+
At)
=
y(t)
+
0.5[(Ay),+(Ay)J
(1.44)
Cac thanh phan
van
tcic
gio u va v
dugc
xac
dinh
ehi
tai cac
diem Krai
va cac
thcVi
diem each nhau
mgl
gict.
Cac
thanh phan
gio
ciia
tam
chum khoi
lai
[ha\

i,
j+1]
+
li5y,5x,u[t„;
i+1,
j+11
+
t25y,5xiuK^i;
i+1, j+1]
Trong do,
t,
=
"
^1+1
^n
v6i t <t <t , va t,
=1.0-t,
n n
+
I
1
/
tu
v^
t^+l
la cac
Ihdi
diem gan nha't v6i thai diem
I
ma tai

eiia
tirng
chilim
khoi.
Nong do
ciia
tirng chiim khoi dugc tinh bang viee lay tich phan tren toan bg khoang
di
chuydn ciia
chiim khoi, va bu6c la'y
mSu
As
As-"'
27ra^
(sj
r^(s)
2a^.(s)
ds
(1.46)
Trong do g(s)
duo'c tinh
tir
phuong
trinh 1.27. Neu gia thiet rang s phu thuoc
theo
bir6c
lay
mSu
trong r(s) va Q(s),
tich

^^[AX(X,-x,)
+
Ay(y,-y,)]
^^ ^^^
,^(x x.)^+(y yj^
(1.52)
^y
Trong do:
Qo,
Qn
la khoi lugng cha't thai (g) trong
chi^im
khoi tai thdi didm bat dau
va ket
thue ciia bu6c
lh5i gian.
^^
(Xj.,
yd
la toa
dgdiem
do (m),
(X[,
y,) la
loa
do ciia chum khoi (m) lai diem bat dau
bir6c
la'y mau.
Ax va Ay la cac so gia cua cae khoang each x va y di chuyen
ciia

tir
cac tram
liJa
chgn.
READ62 trich
ra cac du heu can dung cho chuong
trinh MESOPAC
tiJ
tep du lieu dirge ghi theo khuon dang
chuan TD-6201 ciia
NCC
(Trung lam
khi
tugng qude gia Hoa ky).
READ62
quel cac du lieu khi quyen tren
cao,
kiem tra va dua ra thong bao cho nhirng dir lieu hi thieu hoac kliong day
dii.
Mgl tep du lieu cao khong dugc tao ra theo khuon dang thich hgp va c6 the' dugc
hieu chinh bai
ngudi
diing. Tep nay dugc
dicing
lam dau vao cho chuong trinh
MESOPAC
MESOPAC la chuong trinh xu ly so lieu thdi tiet, chuong trinh
tinh
loan ngi
suy theo khong gian va

lieu
v^
mua
(theo khuon dang
chudn TD9657 ciia
NCC). Mgl tep ra duy nhat
ehua
tat ca cac
trudng cua cac bien khi hau da ngi suy dugc tao ra lam dau vao cho chuong trinh
MESOPUFF.
MESOPUFF la mo hinh
chdng chi^im
khoi dang Gauss, quy dao bien thien,
dugc thiet ke de
xir
ly su bien ddi theo khong gian va thdi gian
eiia
cac qua trinh
Ian
truyen, khuech tan, phan
img
hoa hgc va phan buy trong pham vi mien quan lam.
Vdi each chong cac
chi^im
khoi, luong khoi lien tuc dugc mo hinh bang cac
chi^im
khc5i
rieng biet, m6i chum khoi chuyen dgng khong phu thuge vao cac chiim
khc5i
khac.

1.3.1.
Chuang trinh Read62
Chitc
nang:
Tien xu ly du
lieu
khong khi phia tren (du lieu cao khong), chuong trinh nay
dgc mgl tep du lieu cao khong, trich ra cae du lieu tai cae miie ap suai doi hoi, tao ra
tep du lieu dinh dang cho chuong trinh lien xir ly sd lieu khi tugng (MESOPAC)
Tep
du
lieu vao:
•read62.inp'
- Tep
vao'chua
cae tham sd dieu khien cho moi lan chay
18
'td6201.dai'
- Tep
dii
lieu cao
khdng
can xir ly theo khuon dang lieu chuan
TD-6201
Tep ra
'read62.1sf
- Tep ghi lai cac ket qua chung ciia lan chay
'up.dat'
-
Tep dii lieu cao

laF.
Chi tiet cua tep du lieu cao khong theo khuon dang
TD-6210
Don^
Ihon^
tin dau cho
mdi
thdi diem do dac sd lieu cao
khons
STNID:
Ten
iram
LAT:
\T
do
ciia
tram theo do va phut, theo sau bdi
'N'
(Bac) hoac
'S'
(Nam).
LON: Kinh do
ciia
tram theo theo do va
phiit,
theo sau
bcVi
"E'
(Dong)
hoac

1 Cac gia
Iri
gdc bi thieu
2 Cac gia
Iri
gdc la kh6ng
chae
chan, mgl muc da hieu chinh theo sau
3 Cac gia
iri
gdc la khong chae chan, khong hieu chinh
4 Cac gia tri gdc cd l6i, mot
mire
da hieu ehinh theo sau
5 Cac gia tri gdc cd l6i, khong hieu
chinh
6
Miic
da hieu chinh
9
Miie
khong kiem
Ira
A-Z Thay ddi nhieu lan
irong
cac nam
ETIME
Thdi gian trdi qua ke tir
liie iha
bong tham khong (kliong sir

khi hau, chuong trinh nay thue hien
linh loan cac trudng ngi suy theo khong gian va thdi gian
ciia
cae bien khi hau.
Nhung du lieu khi hau dau vao bao gdm: cac tep du lieu cao khong dirge tao ra bdi
20
chuong trinh READ62, cac du lieu quan trac khi hau be mat
li^rng
gid va du lieu mua
lijng
gid
MESOPAC
xiJ
ly du
li6u
khi hau cho tdi da 25 tram quan trac be mat va 10
tram quan trac du lieu cao khong. Du lieu mua
timg
gid khong bat huge phai
c6.
Tep
dO:
lieu vao:
'pac.inp'
-
T6p
vao
chu*a
cae tham sd dieu khien cho
mdi

NYR: Nam chay (2 chu sd)
IDYSTR:
Ngay Julian bat dau
IHRMAX: So gid chay.
NSSTA: Sd tram quan trac du lieu khi hau be mat
NUSTA: Sd
iram
quan trac du lieu cao khong
IBTZ:
Mien thdi quan quy chieu
Nhdm 3: Du
lieu
ve lirdi tinh
IMAX
Sd diem
luai
theo chieu X (tay-dong)
JMAX So diem
ludi
theo chieu Y (nam-bac)
21
DGRID
Budc ludi
Nhdm 3: Nhung
lira
chgn cho
viee
dua
kel
qua ra

thirdng
la khong can thiet cho cae budc linh sau, nen
LBD=F
ddi vdi phan
Ion
cae ap dung)
NDYI
Ngay Julian bat dau viee in du lieu khi hau vao va cac tham
sd tinh loan trung gian. Chi sir dung neu LBD=T.
NHRl Gid (00-23) bat dau viee in du lieu khi hau vao va cac tham
sd linh loan Irung gian. Chi sir dung neu LBD=T.
NDY2 Ngay
Juhan
ket thue viee in du lieu khi hau vao va cac tham
sd tinh toan trung gian. Chi sir dung neu
LBD=T.
NHR2 Gid (00-23) ket
thiie viee
in du lieu khi hau vao va cae tham
sd tinh loan trung gian.
Qii
sir dung neu
LBD=T.
Nhdm 5: Ky hieu sd phan loai da't be mat cho mdi diem ludi.
'JMAX'
ddno.
mdi ddng cd IMAX ky hieu sd cho loai dat (tuong
irng
vdi toa do X tir
L

y
va A. Ne'u
I0PTS(3)=1,
ngudi su dung phai dua vao cac gia
tri dd (lai nhdm 9). Neu
10PTS(3)=0,
cac gia tri ngam dinh
y=0.47
va A=l 100 dirge sir dung.
I0PTS(4) Bie'n dieu khidn viee dua vao cac hang sd do cao trgn (B,
E.
Az,
dQIdz^^,
N). Neu
I0PTS(4)=1,
ngudi sir dung phai dua
vao cac gia tri hang sd dd (tai nhdm 10). Neu
IOPTS(4)=0,
cae gia
iri
ngam dinh sau dugc
siJ
dung:
B=1.4L
E-0.15,
Az=200m,
50/az^,=:O.OOlO'^K/m,
N=2400.
I0PTS(5) Bien dieu khien viee dua vao cac bie'n ngi suy
trucmg

khc')ng.
23
IOPTS(8) Bien dieu khien viee vao cac he sd thu nhd hue xa do may
bao phu. Ne'u
10PTS(8)=1,
ngudi
sir
dung phai dua vao
II
he sd luong ung vdi cac
mitc
do che
phii
mat trdi lir 1 den
10 phan mudi (lai nhdm 13). Ne'u 10PTS(8)=0, cac he sd
ngam dinh sau dugc sir dung: 1.00, 0.91, 0.84, 0.79, 0.75,
0.72, 0.68, 0.62, 0.53, 0.41, 0.23
I0PTS(9) Bie'n dieu khien
viee
vao cac hang sd tinh ddng nhiet tai mdi
diem ludi. Ne'u
I0PTS(9)=1,
ngudi sir dung phai dua vao
cac gia tri
RADC
cho mdi diem ludi (lai nhdm 14). Nguge
lai ne'u
IOPTS(9)=l,
gia tri ngam dinh
RADC=0.3

ciia
tram (theo don vi ludi)
SLAT VT do
eiia
tram (do thap phan)
SLONG Kinh do
eiia
tram (do thap phan)
SZONE Mien thdi gian
eiia
tram
(5=EST,
6=CST,
7=MST,
8=PST)
ISUNIT So hieu tep du lieu
CD 144
trong chuong trinh
IDPRCP
Chi sd tram du lieu
TD9657
(6 chu sd)

Trích đoạn Yeu cau ve sd iieu

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