SÁNG KIẾN KINH NGHIỆM
ĐỀ TÀI:
"CÁCH VIẾT MỘT SỐ DẠNG BÀI LUẬN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9"
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PHẦN MỞ ĐẦU
I. LÝ DO CHỌN ĐỀ TÀI:
1. Cơ sở lý luận:
Ngay từ khi bắt đầu học tiếng Anh, các em học sinh đã được tiếp xúc với bốn kỹ năng cơ
bản của ngôn ngữ, đó là: nghe, nói, đọc, và viết. Đây là những kỹ năng quan trọng của
người thầy trong việc truyền thụ kiến thức cho học sinh. Trong đó viết là một kỹ năng
khó cho người học, nó đòi hỏi người dạy phải nắm được phương pháp giảng dạy hiệu quả
và thực hiện tốt nguyên lý “Học đi đôi với hành”.
Xuất phát từ quan điểm "lấy người học làm trung tâm’’, phương pháp dạy và học đã có
những thay đổi căn bản. Người dạy không phải là người duy nhất nắm giữ kiến thức và
truyền đạt kiến thức mà chỉ là người hướng dẫn, người hỗ trợ, người cố vấn, người kiểm
tra Người học không còn là người thụ động tiếp thu kiến thức mà là trung tâm của quá
trình dạy học, chủ động sáng tạo trong quá trình học tập nhằm đạt được kết quả cao trong
học tập và biết vận dụng vào thực tế cuộc sống.
Dạy ngoại ngữ nói chung, dạy tiếng Anh nói riêng việc đổi mới phương pháp dạy
học là rất quan trọng.Ngoài việc nắm vững kiến thức ngôn ngữ ,thực hiện tốt kĩ năng
nghe, nói, đọc thì kỹ năng viết cũng đóng một vai trò quan trọng không kém. Dạy viết là
một trong những nội dung cơ bản và thực sự là sự kết hợp tinh tế của việc giảng các kỹ
năng ngôn ngữ khác.
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Từ những luận điểm trên việc áp dụng các phương pháp dạy viết như thế nào để
giúp học sinh thực hiện một bài viết Tiếng Anh tốt, nghĩa là đảm bảo chính xác về yêu
cầu bài viết, ngữ pháp, tính sáng tạo trong bài viết là rất quan trọng.
2. Cơ sở thực tiễn:
Trong quá trình dạy và học tôi nhận thấy: Kĩ năng viết là một trong những kĩ năng
khó nhất trong các kĩ năng. Nó đòi hỏi học sinh phải có vốn từ vựng, hiểu các cấu trúc
ngữ pháp, các ý tưởng để lập dàn ý khi viết bài. Đặc biệt các em phải nắm được từng kiểu

- Dự giờ đồng nghiệp để tìm hiểu thực trạng kĩ năng viết ở trường THCS
- Áp dụng các hình thức viết khác nhau như bài viết có hướng dẫn hay bài tập viết
sáng tạo.
- Tham khảo kĩ năng dạy viết qua sách, báo, những thông tin liên quan trên mạng
Internet.
- Tiếp thu các ý kiến của đồng nghiệp để rút kinh nghiệm, chắt lọc các phương
pháp hay để áp dụng cho phù hợp.
V. PHẠM VI VÀ THỜI GIAN NGHIÊN CỨU:
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1- Phạm vi nghiên cứu:
Nghiên cứu sách giáo khoa, khai thác các thông tin trên Internet, các tài liệu có liên
quan, xác định thể loại và dạng bài viết để xây dựng tiết dạy bồi dưỡng cho phù hợp.
Thực nghiệm các học sinh tham gia đội tuyển khối lớp 9 trong trường THCS Đại Tự.
2- Thời gian nghiên cứu:
Trong các năm học 2010-2011, 2011-2012 và 2012-2013
PHẦN NỘI DUNG
I. Describing people:
1. Introduction: Who the person is/ When and how you first met or saw him/her.
2. Main body:
+ Physical appearance: height/build, age, facial features, hair, clothing
( From the most general aspects to the most specific detail)
Eg: Bill, who is in his early twenties, is quite tall and well-built, with thick black hair and
piercing blue eyes. He is usually dressed in jeans and a T-shirt.
+ Personality/ behavior(with justification/examples): give examples of manner and
mannerism
Eg: Mark is rather unsociable, usually sitting silently in a corner abserving others from a
distance
+ Life/ lifestyle/beliefs: talk about the person's habits, interests, profession, daily routine,
opinion, etc
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He looks as through he's an old man. However, he is only 35.
Although he has a huge, powerful body, he's a very gentle person.
In spite of being very busy, she always has time for her children.
- Linking cause and effect:
She is open and friend.(cause) She is popular.(effect)
Because/as/since owing to/due to(+-ing/noun/the fact that)
As a result/consequence of A/the result of is ; as a result,
She is popular because she is open and friendly.
She is popular due to being/due to the fact that she is open and friendly.
A result of her being open is that she is popular.
, so therefore/for this reason
The reason(that/why) is
She is open and friendly, so she is popular.
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She is open and friendly, therefore she is popular.
The reason she is popular is that she is open and friendly
* Impressions, Opinions and Reactions:
I think/feel/etc (that) It seems to me that To me/To my mind
As far as I'm concernedIn my opinion/view/eyes
Sb seems/ appear to be
Sb stribes people/comes across as (being)
Sb gives the impression of being / the impression that
I/ people/etc find/ consider sb to be I think of/ see/ regard sb as being
* Compoud Adjectives: Compound adjectives are formed with
- present participles: a hard-working student
- past participles: an open-hearted young man
- cardinal numbers + nouns: a three-year-old boy
- well, badly, ill, poorly + past participle: a well-intensioned friend
Topic: A Close Friend
Jacques has been my close friend for two years. I first met him on a school

with a clear topic sentence.
- Present tenses are normal used when describing a place for a tourist brochure or a
magazine article.
- Past tenses are normal used when describing a visit to a place/building.
- First and second conditionals(will/would) can be used when you describe your ideal
city/house,etc
- When we give factual information about a place or building this is normally given using
Present tenses
Eg: I flew to Madrid last Monday. Madrid is situated in the central point of the Iberian
peninsula with a population of about 3,000,000.
* Expressing Impression & Reactions
- You can express positive impressions of a place by:
+ using a variety of adjectives such as: breathtaking, delightedful, eyecatching,
outstanding, picturesque, etc.
+ using a variety of present or past participle from such verbs as: astound, amaze,
astonish, impress, refresh,etc.
Eg: I was/felt astounded at how beautiful Florida is in winter.
+ using a variety of nouns in expressions such as: to my amazement/ astonishment/
delight/ surprise/etc.
Eg: To my delight, the place had kept its character.
- You can express negative impressions of a place by:
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+ using a variety of adjectives such as: disreputable, inhospitable, neglected
+ using a variety of present or past participles from such verbs as: disappoint, shock,etc.
Eg: the disappointing view of the unsightly housing.
+ using a variety of nouns in expressions such as: to my disappointment/surprise/etc.
* Useful language: Explaining Impression
The most noticeable/outstanding feature of the place is its golden garden
A huge statue of a lion is the first thing one notices upon entering the temple
Without doubt, the most impressive thing about San Francisco is the Golden Gate Bridge.

all well furnished. There are twenty classrooms. Our laboratories are well equipped.
The school library has an up-to-date collection of books on many subjects. Our
librarian and her two assistants are very helpful.
Our school, like other schools, has prescribed a uniform for us. We have to
wear white trousers, a white shirt and a black tie. The girls have to wear white
shirts and skirts.
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Our principal is very strict as he pays strict attention to behavior, punctuality and
cleanliness. The most well-behaved and punctual student will be assigned as the
class prefect.
Our principal is a strict disciplinarian. He accepts the help and advice of all
teachers. Though our principal is strict, he is fair and loving. He tries to find out the
reason and guides us. If one violates any rules, he will be punished. Our principal is
very strict in this aspect.
Our teachers are also very strict. They teach us with the utmost care, guide us with
our assessments and other preparations and help us in times of need.
I like my school very much and am proud to be a student of that school.
III. Describing festivals/ events/ ceremonies:
1. Introduction: Set the scene ( name,time/date, place of event, reason(s) for celebrating)
2. Main body: Preparations( decorations, rehearse,etc.)
Description of actual event (costumes, food, atmosphere, activities,etc.)
3. Conclusion: feelings, comments, thoughts
* Notice:
When you describe annual events( a celebration/festival which takes place every year),
present tenses are used and the style is formal. However, when giving a personal account
of an event which you witnessed or took part in, past tenses are used and the style may be
less formal. The passive is frequently used to describe preparations/ activities which take
place.
Eg: Pumpkins are carved and placed in windows and costumes are designed
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- Narratives are normally set in the past, and therefore use a variety of past tenses.For
example, Past Continuous is often used to set the scene (eg: The wind was howling );
Past simple is used for the main events(eg: He entered the room, looked around, and );
Past perfect is used to describe an event before the main events(eg: She had set out in the
morning, full of hope, but now she felt )
- The sequence of events is important: before, after, then, in the evening, later, in the end,
until, while, during, finally, etc.
* Techniques for beginning or ending stories:
- You can start your story by:
+ describing the weather, place, people, etc, using senses
+ using direct speech
+ asking a rhetorical question
+ creating mystery or suspense
+ referring to feelings or moods
+ addressing the reader directly
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- You can end your story by:
+ using direct speech
+ referring to feelings or moods
+ describing people's reactions to the events developed in the main body.
+ creating mystery or suspense
+ asking a rhetorical question.
* Past tenses and time words:
- Past habits are not described using Past Continuous. In stead, use Past Simple, "used to"
or "would", with an appropriate adverb of frequency.
Eg: When I was child, my father often told me/ sometimes used to tell/ would always tell
me stories to get me to fall asleep.
( Adverbs of frequency: always, usually, frequently/often, sometimes/occasionally,
seldom/rarely, never)
- Past continuous:

be forgotten. These memories have everlasting impression on one’s life.
When I recollect the days of my childhood, I feel very delighted over the pleasant
period which I spent in my spirits. In my childhood I was carefree, having no worries at
all. I used to wander like a deer in the open field and enjoyed the natural beauty in the
gardens along with my other companions.
Certain incidents are still fresh in my mind. For instance, at the age of five, I got a
severe attack of typhoid. In those days, medical science was not so advanced, so in the
absence of a proper diagnosis, I was reduced to a skeleton. After taking medicine for a
long period, I was cured. The doctor advised me to go to some hill-station. So my father
took me to Da Lat. Due to this attack in my early age, I became very weak and I still had
not been able to recover my health.
Another thing I still remember is my swimming accident. It was on a Sunday that I
went with my friends for a picnic at Vung Tau beach. Some of us were expert swimmers
but unfortunately I did not know much about swimming. My friends plunged into the sea
in order to swim and persuaded me to do the same. Soon I was caught by the swift
current in the water and was carried away. My scream of panic was heard by my friends
who rescued me from drowning. I was really very grateful to them for saving my life.
It is this period of childhood which has been described by poets and writers. To
recollect the past is to plunge ourselves in a state of nostalgia. Wordsworth, the immortal
poet of England, and a great worshipper of nature, describes in his poems his childhood
period, which, to him, was full of pleasant memories. I too miss those good old days
which had flown by so quickly.
V. Discursive Essays:
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There are three main types of discursive essays
1. For and against essays:
Present both sides of an issue, discussing points in favour of a particular topic as well as
those against or the advantages and disadvantages of a particular question. Each point
should be supported by justifications, examples, and/or reasons. The writer's own
opinion should be presented only in the final paragraph.

- To add more points to the same topic:
In addition (to this), furthermore, moreover, besides, apart from, what is more, as well as,
not to mention ( the fact) that, also, not only but also/as well, both and. There i s
another side to the issue/question/argument of
- To make constrasting points:
on the other hand,

however, still, yet, but,
it may be said/argued/claimed that,
Others/
many peole
Oppose this viewpoint
( strongly) disagree ,
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Claim/feel/believe this argument is
incorrect/misguided
Although, though, even though, while, whilst, whereas, despite/in spite of (the fact that),
regardless of the fact that
Opponents of argue/believe/claim that
The fact that contradicts the belief/idea that
While it is true to say that , in fact
While/Although , it cannot be denied that
- To intruduce examples:
For example, for instance, such as, like, in particular, particularly, especially,
This is (clearly) illustrated/shown by the fact that
One/A clear/striking/typical example of (this)
The fact that shows/illustrates that
- To emphasis a point:
Clearly, obviously, it is obvious, naturally, of course, needless to say, indeed
- To express reality:

All things considered, the obvious conclusion to be drawn is that /
There is no absolute answer to the question of ,
In the light of this evidence, it is clear/obvious/etc that
In conclusion, Clear/apparent Evidence
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All in all,
To sum up,
It is plain/obvious
evident
from above
foregoing
Points
arguments
- Conclusion expressing opinion directly:
In conclusion,
On balance,
All things considered,
Taking everything into
account/consideration,
To conclude,
To sum up,
All in all,
Finally/Lastly,
It is my belief.opinion that
I (firmly) believe/feel/think that
I am convinced that
I am inclined to believe that
I (do not) agree that/with
Taking everything into account, I therefore conclude/feel/believe (that)
For the above - mentioned reasons, therefore, I (firmly) believe that

In my opinion/view My opinion is that,
I (firmly) believe I (definitely) feel/think that
I am (not) convinced that I am inclined to believe that
I (do not) agree that/with It seems/appears to me
It strikes me that As far as I am concerned,
Topic: Some students prefer to study alone. Others prefer to study with a group of
students. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your
answer.
Maybe someone will choose to study with a group of students, and they can give you
sound reasons for their choice. I prefer to study alone because I am sure that study alone
will profer you with silence, freedom and enough choice, which is indespensible for a
student, but regretly, group study cannot offer.
First, when you study alone, you will not be abstracted by the sound made by other
students from your study. It is fretful that when you want to study hard but others drone
beside your ears like bees. And always you will be angry enough to begin to quarrel with
them. That will certainly lead to an unfruitful study.
Second, many people have their own study styles. Some want to have something to eat
when he is studying, some want to lie down with a book in his hand, while still some
want to study without anything doing. And when you study alone, you can take your
favorite way and needn't regard what others feel.
Third, studying alone profer you with enough choice as you want to do. You can have
your media playing, you can open the window, also, you can sing your song when you are
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