62

TAP CHI KHOA HQC XA HOl SO 3(151)-2011

TRUYEN THONG SAN X U A T G 6 M OAT NUNG
CUA NGLPOI KHMER VA NGU'OI VIET Q NAM BQ:
NGHIEN CCrU NHU'NG BIEN OOl TRONG KY T H U A T
CHE T A C V A K I E U D A N G SAN P H A M G O M

OTINH KIEN GIANG
NGUYEN THI HOAl HLfaNG

TOM

1.

TAT

VAl

NET

TONG

QUAN

KHU

VU'C

Bai viet la kit qua nghien eiru ky thuat lam


trude khi ngudi Kinh, ngudi Hoa va ngudi

Iwu virc ha Iwu song Mekong, hau nhw

Cham den djnh c u tgi day. Hipn nay d

khdng cd hy vgng bag tin hien trang nghi

o l n g b i n g sdng CCru Long cd khoang 90

gom thii cong mang tinh truyen thong tgc

vgn dan la ngudi dan tdc Khmer, cu tru d

ngwdi. Dien hinh la san xuat gdm a lang

cae tinh An Giang, Kien Giang, C i n Tha,

Dau Doi d Kien Giang, viec dan gian hda

dgc biet hp s i n g tap trung d Sde Trang,

ciia ky thuat san xuit

cung nhw hieu qua

Tra Vinh. P h i n Idn, hp ed quan he sau sac

ciia san pham gom da thay doi dang ke


Long, dong thdi phan anh qua trinh chuyen

tpc ngudi khac vi hp s i n g trong mdt khdng

doi eua ky thuat san xuat va loai hinh do

gian tap trung theo phum, sdc. Nghien eCru

gom.

trudng hgp san x u i t g l m truyin thing d
o l n g b i n g sdng CLPU Long eho bilt chi

Nguyin Thi Hoai Huong. Thae sT. Vien Nghien
cuu Phat tnen Thanh phi. Nghien CLPU sinh
nganh Khao co Hoc vien Khoa hpe Xa hpi.

cdn hai khu vyc ed ngudi Khmer lam g l m
la huyen Hdn O l t tinh Kien Giang va huypn
Tri Tdn tinh An Giang.


NGUYEN

THI HOAl HUONG -

T R U Y E N T H O N G SAN XUAT G O M OAT

Huyen Hdn O l t ed dien tich t y nhien

chep trong Ngwdl Viet goc Mien cung cho
bilt "Nghi lam g l m ( I p An Thuan, xa
Chau Lang)... eua ngudi Khmer d tinh An

NUNG,.

63

cung duge liet ke nhu la mdt nghe truyen
thing gia dinh cua ngudi Khmer (Malleret
1957). Ngoai ra, tir nam 1996, Cort Lefferts
va
eac
ding
nghiep
Konponsupu
Konponehunan (Kompong Speu) va d
miln Nam Viet Nam tinh Kien Giang, tinh
An Giang da nghien eCru so sanh san xuit
g l m tgi day vdi viing ddng b i c Thai Lan va
d l g l m san xuit tgi Khorat, tai luc dja Ddng
Nam A "ehu y l u la logi ring hinh trg".
Trudng hgp n g h i g l m thu cdng eua ngudi
Khmer d Hdn D i t tinh Kien Giang cd
nghien eiru cua Truang Thanh Hiing, Hdi
Van nghe Dan gian (Truang Thanh Hiing,
1998), va luan van thae sT cua Nguyin Thi
Hoai Huang nghien eCru v l cac loai hinh
va ky thuat san xuat g l m thu e6ng cua
ngudi Khmer d D i n g bing s6ng CCru

giong nhu n l i d i t cua ngudi Khmer d tinh

Nha Bao tang tinh Tay Ninh (Sd Van hda

Kompong Chanang, Camphuehia da thu

Thdng tin Tay Ninh, Dja ehi tinh Tay Ninh,

hut nhieu khach hang d Viet Nam ma

2008).

trudc dd hp phai sang Camphuehia d l

Trong bai vilt nay, cae tae gia dua tren cac

"mua di, ban lgi
nudc hoac la rCrng tiing Khmer gpi la
Idtcha de v u l t mieng. H i u h i t d cac cdng
dogn tao dang d l g l m , ngudi Khmer diing
tay la ehu y l u .

Bwdc 4: Dap dit (lam khit day). Day la khau
c u l i cung hoan ehinh d l g l m . Ngudi thg
ngii tren g h i t h i p , chan trai gap t i l p
3.1.2.3. Nung do g l m
mdng, chan phai x l p b i n g , Idng ban chan
Cae gia dinh nung g l m d san sau ngdi
giap d i u goi chan trai. Oat chile n l i g l m
nha. Nhien lieu d l nung la ram va cui tre,
up xuIng d n g chan phai. Sau khi xoa udt
bgch dan hoac cui rirng. Khoang 10 ngay
dung cu, tay trai d m ban xoa dgt ben
m i l gia dinh t l chCre nung mpt l l n . M i i l l n
trong, tay phai dung ban dap cd hoa van
nung khoang 500 chile n l i . San phim
dap keo gian d i t xung quanh d l khep kin
hong trong m i i l l n nung tCr 2 d i n 3 chile
day d l g l m . Khi d l g l m gan kin, ehuyin
n l i (ehilm 10-15%).
tay trai ling vao ben trong xuyen qua
3.1.3. San pham
mieng d l g l m , giCr ban xoa va dap sao
M i l hp gia dinh lam mdt vai logi san p h i m
cho day d l g l m kin va d i t set dan d i u la
duge. Hoa van duge dap di dap lgi
Bang 1. Cac loai san pham gom


X

Thj Tien

X

Ban xoa hinh n i m b i n g g l m ,
tieng khmer gpi la Kalen, tieng
Anh gpi la Anvil.

stt

Ban dap ed hoa van

hoac

kh6ng hoa van lam b i n g

T&n san pham
Tieng Vipt

2

Noi nhat/
noi 1

3

Noi 7


snang
phum may

snang diip

X

X

Bang 2. Kich thudc cSe san phim gom

1

16

10

X

lam. Ban xoa thi do ba ty lam.

Cay tgo dang hoge ban xay
lam than cay dira hoac cay
t h i t n i t tiing Khmer gpi la
Sobaxoa, tiing Anh gpi la
wooden post.

9


14,0

23,0

14,0

12,0

C6nlp
CPnlp


NGUYEN THI HOAI

HUONG -

T R U Y E N T H C N G S A N X U A T G O M O A T NUNG,..

c l djnh (xem bang cac san phim), m i i
ngay tiiy tCrng loai san p h i m Idn nhd ma
ngudi thg lam dugc nhilu hay it s l lugng
san phim. Cg t h i : Nha ba Hudng cd 2
ngudi lam, mdi ngay 1 ngudi lam dugc 25
chile n l i 7 hoac n l i 8.
Cdng dgng eua cae logi d l g l m : N l i 1:
dung lam lu dyng nude sinh hogt hoac lam
nli trang banh. N l i 7: diing dyng nude
uIng dgt d trudc eCra nha. N l i 8 (snang
phum may) thudng dung d l n i u nudc
xdng. N l i 9: dung n i u cam, n i u nudc. N l i

5-6 gia dinh edn lam g l m . Trong dgt cdng
tae nay vi thdi gian hgn c h l nen chung tdi
chi khao sat dugc 3 gia dinh lam g l m : 1)
Hd Nguyin Thj Ngpe Tam, 48 tuli, dan too
Viet ( b l dan t6c Viet me dan t6c Khmer),
s l nha 220, I p Tri T6n, thj t r i n H6n Olt; 2)
Hp T r i n Thi Phin, 46 t u l i va 3) Hp T r i n
Thj Hgnh, 47 t u l i dan too Viet. Hai hp sau
la hai chj em rupt. Hai nha d liin k l nhau
(ca hai d i u la nha tranh vach tre, khdng cd
s l nha). Nha liin k l tilp theo v l hudng thj
t r i n Hdn O l t s l nha 212, I p Tri Tdn, thi
t r i n Hdn Olt.
3.2.1, Nguyen lieu
o l t set l i y 2 logi: d i t set dec va d i t set l l n
cat hgt nhd. Tron d i u 2 logi dat nay trude
khi diing. O l t khai thae d chan nui Hdn O l t
va Hdn Me, ngudi ta bd di Idp d i t mat
khoang 30-50cm la d i n ldp d i t set cd t h i
lam g l m duge.
3.2.2. Ky thugt tgo dang va cong eg lam

glm
Cdng eg lam g l m giing vdi lang Hon
Queo ( T h i San-H6n Olt) va Phnom Pi (An
Thugn-Tri Ton). O l i vdi logi traeh nhit (nli
Idn) c6 kich thudc Idn thi dung eg cung
duae lam Idn han. D i l m khac biet giCra
khu vuc Hdn Queo va thj trin Hdn O l t la
logi n i p tgi Hdn O l t da duae lam bing

Thu nhap 1 thang tCr 1.500.000 d i n g 2,000.000 d i n g . Sau khi trCr ehi phi mua
d i t set, cui, ram, ehi cdn Igi khoang 8001.000.000 d i n g .
Thuang lai dat hang va cd ghe vao g i n
nha d l nhgn san pham. Thdng thudng
ngudi ta ganh d l gim/mang d l g l m ra
sdng d l thuang lai x l p len ghe.
Cac hp trong I p Tri Tdn, thj t r i n Hdn O l t
d i g ban chc ba Ba Khdn d xdm O l u Dpi.
3.3. Khap sat I p Oau Doi
Ap o l u Doi n i m ben kia Vipt Rgch Gia-Ha
Tien d i i dipn vdi chg thj t r i n Hdn D i t . Chi
phi chc mpt ehuyin pha ngang la 500
ding/ngudi, m i t chua d i y 5 phut chung
tdi da sang d i n bd ben kia.

TRUYEN THONG

SAN

XUAT G O M OAT

NUNG...

sap xep ndi gdm, bep Id chd di nai khaC
ban.
Xdm Id d I p o l u Doi phan b l tCr Viet Mpt
d i n Viet T u , xa Nam Thai San. Theo
thing ke cua huyen Hdn Olt, chi rieng I p
o l u Doi da ed han 180 h6 lam n g h i 16
g l m , chilm g i n phan nCra dan s l cua I p .

va tiln hanh nung trong Id. Ld nung dwoc
lam dan gian ehi la nhu'ng can nha ed mai
ehe. Ngudi ta ngan d bing ggch Ing theo
hinh chCp nhat vdi dien tieh d n thilt va tiln
hanh xlp bep Id thanh hang. Nguyen lieu
nung ehu ylu la triu va mdt it ram hoac cd
tranh phu ben ngoai lam mii ehay trude,
Idp triu tir tCr chay sau. Thdi gian eho mpt
lln nung mit 3-4 ngay.

lang Binh DCrc tinh (Binh
keo dai nguyen miu hinh
Logi C) mang tinh dac
(Tokusawa Keiichi, Yuko
Thi Hoai Huong, 2009).

69

Thuan) la each
hop dilu (thudc
trung pha he
Hirano, Nguyen

4. KST LUAN
4.1. NguIn glc pha he san xuit glm
Khmer truyin thing
O lue dja Dong Nam A, kh6 nhgn ra viec
san xuat glm truyin thing theo dja
phuang hay gia dinh vi ehung ta ed thi
thiy rd hp da triln khai eac ky thugt trpng


phuang thCre ky thugt mang truyin thing

nhdm vCrng c h i c hoac gang, n l i cam dipn,

gia dinh la do k i t qua thay d i i v l thdi gian

v.v. D i l u nay khiln g l m Khmer truyen

va viee di dan (H. Leedom Lefferts Jr and

thing m i t gia, CP dpng. Cac nha hang SLP

Lefferts

Keiichi,

dung khi gas va than g l hpgc than nhiet

Yuko Hirano, Nguyen Thi Hoai Huong,

hay e i n . Nhyng b I p Id (ca rang) van cdn

2009). Nhit la theo ly lugn phii hgp giCra

ed ea hpi t i l p tue ban dugc, xuit hien Id

cac cong dogn, ed t h i nhin nhgn each thCre

nung nhu eua lang Dau Doi nhung vdi


ehuyin d i i nhanh chdng eua ky thugt san

g l m Khmer d Campuchia, loai A eua m i l n

xuit truyin t h i n g va hinh dgng san phim

Nam Viet Nam la lam theo pha he san xuit

g l m thu cong trong vung.


N G U Y E N T H I HOAI

HUONG -

T R U Y E N T H C N G SAN XUAT G C M OAT N U N C .

71

Theo sy phat triln kinh t l nhanh ch6ng tgi
luu vyc hg luu song Mekong, h i u nhu
khong c6 hy vpng bao t i n hipn trgng n g h i
g l m thu c6ng mang tinh truyin thing too
ngudi. San x u i t g l m d lang O l u Doi d
Kien Giang, viee dan gian h6a cua ky thugt
san xuit eung nhu hieu qua cua san p h i m
g l m da thay t h i va chia se thj p h i n so vdi
d l g l m eua ngudi Khmer. S y phan b l
lang Hdn Queo - lang Tri Tdn - lang Dau

3. Keiichi Tokusawa, Hirano Yuko and
Nguyen Thi Hoai Huong. Bao cao khao sat
nghi gom thii cdng d tinh Kien Giang, 2009
(Ban tiing Nhat).
4. Leedam Lefferts Jr. and Luise Allison Cort.
2000. Khmer Earthenware in Mainland
Southeast

Asia : An

Approach

Production. Journal of Khmer
UDAYA, APSARA Authority: 48-68.

Through
Studies

'^' Le Huong. Ngudi Viet gde Mien. SSi Gon.
1969, tr. 234-235 (Din theo : Vo Cong Nguyen.
CciC moi quan he, giao luu qua lai giua nguoi
Khmer d Viet Nam va ngudi Khmer d
Campuchia trong vung bien gidi cua tlnh An
Giang. Hpi nghi Thdng b^o kit qua nghien cuu
khoa hoc Vien Phat triln Ben vCrng vung Nam
BO, 2009),

6. Malleret, L. 1957. Notes sur des
fabhcations actuelles ou anclennes de
poterles dans le delta de Mekong. Bulletin de