m
TMWAT
jr ^^ ^
IMmmMiihMiii&iMlM.
dM
((y hieu hoc van
hoa
va khai niem van
han
T.M.LOTMAN
Co
the
nhan
ra hai
Ithuynh
huiiing qua dgng thai phat trien
cua
l<y
hieu
hgc
trong vong
muoi
lam nam trd lai day.
Khuynh hudng
thd
nliat
tap
trung vao viec
san
djnh nhdng
khai niem nen mdng va xac lap

Khuynh hudng
thd hai iai ddn
Sd quan tam
vao
boat dgng
ky
hieu boc cua van ban thuc te.
V
di khuynh hudng
thii nhai, nlu sir
mau thuin, thieu
hgp ly vl phuang dien cau
triic,
sir pha trdn cac van ban
cd kie'n tao khac nhau trong
pham vi td chitc eiia mgt van
ban duy nhat, tfnh khdng xle
djnh ngu nghla ehi la nhiing
da'u hieu ngiu nhien, khong
hoat ddng, bj loai khdi sieu
elp do md hinh hda van ban,
thi vdi khuynh hudng thir hai,
chiing lai la nhung ddi tugng
dugc ehii y dac biet. Diln dat
theo he thdng thuat ngir ciia
Ferdinand de Saussure, ed thi
ndi,
di theo hudng thir nhat,
nha nghien eiiu xem xet ldi
ndi nhu II sir vat chat hda cac

hieu, hoac su thdng nhat
khdng thi chia tach ciia cac
chire nang trong mdt ngir canh
van hda nhai djnh, hay nhiing
phlm chai khic nao day - diu
ed y mud'n ndi mdt each kin
dao hay cdng khai, ring van
ban la m6t phat ngdn trong
mgt ngdn ngu bat ky nao dd.
Quan niem ay 16 ra ngay su
khilm khuyei ciia nd khi phai
xem xet khai niem van ban
tren binh dien ky hieu hgc van
hda. Ngudi ta da phat hien ra
ring, mgt thdng bao nao dd de
ed the dugc xem la mdt vdn
bdn,
ft nhai, nd phai cd hai lln
dugc ma hda. Ching han, mgt
thdng bio dugc xem la mdt
dgo ludt khac vdi doan mieu
ta trudng hgp pham tgi hinh su
nao dd d chd th6ng bao ay vira
thudc ngdn ngtf tu nhien, vtra
thudc ngdn ngu phap luat, bdi
Sd319
Thang 1-2011
ik
THE GI6I VAN HOA
le,

trong nhiing ngdn ngir hoin
toan khic nhau, vf nhu lien ket
mgt djnh thu'c bang ldi vdi mdt
ddng tic
11
nghi, nhung trudng
hgp nhu the se lam nay sinh
mdt y nghla cau triie dac biet.
van ban thude trinh tu thit hai
cd dugc nhd kit qua ay se
dung nap trong ban than nhilu
van bin ngim dugc phan bd
tren cting mdt ngudng ding
cap bing nhtrng ngdn ngir
khic nhau va khong lan ludt
lln nhau. Su xuat hien eiia cac
van ban thugc loai dien le,
nghi thuc, trd diin se din tdi
viec hgp nhlt cac dang ciia
tie'n trinh ky hieu hda khac
nhau vl nguyen tic va kit cue
la din tdi sir xuai hien nhtrng
van dl phire tap eiia sir chuyin
ma, cLia tfnh tuang dugng, ciia
nhtrng chuyin djch cic diem
nhin, eiia sir hgp nhat cac
gigng khic nhau trong mgt
chinh thi van ban duy nhat.
Vl mat sang tao, budc tie'p
theo se la sir xuat hien cle van

thi gidi ky hieu hge hit siie
khac nhau. Qui trinh phat
triln tie'p theo ciia cle van ban
nghe thuat mdt mat nhim tdi
viec nang cao tfnh chinh the
va sir khep kfn ngi tai, nhung
mat khic, lai tang cudng tfnh
da tap ky hieu hgc d ben trong,
tfnh mau thuin eua tac phlm,
phat trien trong dd nhiing van
bin ngim tuong phin - cau
triic cd xu hudng tu trj, tu tiie,
tu man ngay cing ldn. Su dao
ddng trong trudng thudn nhdi
ky hieu hgc da tgp ky hieu hgc
dang tao ra mdt trong so
nhiing sinh dao ciia qui trinh
tie'n hda ljch sir van hgc. Giifa
nhiing binh dien quan trgng
khac eua nd, cin nha'n manh
sir cang thing giira xu hudng
lien ket - biln ngtr canh thanh
van ban va xu hudng phan ra -
bie'n van ban thanh ngtr canh.
Trong qua trinh ay, quan diem
eiia ngudi dgc va ciia tac gia
cd the khdng triing khdp: noi
ma tie gii nhin thay mdt van
ban toan ven duy nhat, thi
ngudi dgc lai cd thi xem dd

thdng tin so gian chuyin ttr
ngudi phat tdi ngudi nhan, ma
ed kha nang gia nhap vao cac
quan he phii:c tap vdi ca ngir
canh van hda bao bgc quanh
nd, lln cdng chiing dgc gia.
Tim dugc kha nang ket tu
thdng tin, van ban chiem hifu,
sd die ky lie. Ddng thdi, nd cd
dugc phlm chat ma Heraclite
ggi la ldi tu ldn len. O giai
doan lam phirc tap hda cau
triic a'y, van ban cd dugc
nhiing phlm chat ciia mdt td
chirc trf tue: nd khdng ehi
chuyin tai mdt thdng tin dugc
dua ttr ben ngoai vao dd, ma
lam thay ddi thdng tin va tao
ra nhtrng thdng tin mdi. Trong
nhtrng dilu kien ay, chirc nang
giao tie'p xa hdi ciia van ban se
trd nen dae biet phirc tap. Cd
thi khai quit chiic nang ay vao
nhtrng qua trinh nhu sau.
Giao tie'p gitra ngudi phat
va ngudi nhan. Van ban thue
hien chtfc nang thdng bao,
chuyen ttr ngudi dai dien
thdng tin tdi cir tga.
Giao tie'p giiia cir tga va

thugc tfnh trf tue, van ban ed
td chirc eao khdng cdn la nhan
vat trung gian trong hanh vi
giao tilp. Nd trd thinh ngudi
ddi thoai binh ding cd trinh do
dgc lap eao. Nd cd the hoat
ddng nhu mgt td chitc trf tue
ddc lap, gitr vai trd tfeh cue,
khdng le thude trong ddi thoai,
ca vdi tie gia (ngudi giri), lln
ngudi dgc (ngudi tiep nhan).
Vl mat nay. In du thdi xua
ddm dgo vdi sdch hda ra cd y
nghla sau sic.
Giao tie'p giira van ban vdi
ngtf canh van hda. d) trudng
hgp nay, van ban hoat ddng
trong hanh vi giao tiep khdng
nhu mdt thdng tin, ma nhu
mgt chii the, mdt ngudi tham
gia cd dil quyin nang ciia
ngudn coi hay la ngudi tiep
nhan th6ng tin. Quan he gitra
van bin vdi ngir canh van hoa
ed thi cd tfnh each In du khi
van ban dugc xem la vat thay
the cho toan bd ngQ canh ml
nd cd gia trj tuong duong
trong mdt tuang quan cu thi,
hoac ed tfnh hoan du khi van

Id ra su tuong ddng giQa hanh
vi ky hieu eiia ca nhan va van
ban. Bdi vay, mdt mat, vi gan
gid'ng nhu mdt the' gidi van
hda vl md, van ban trd thanh
hien tugng cd y nghla quan
trgng han chfnh ban than va sd
die nhung dac dilm ciia mgt
md hinh van hda, mat khac, nd
cd khuynh hudng thuc hien
mdt tu each ddc lap tuong tu
nhu mdt ea nhan tu quye't.
Van dl giao tiep giQa van
ban vdi sieu van ban se la
trudng hgp dac biet. Mdt mat,
van bin cl biet nay ng trong
quan he vdi ngQ canh van hda
CO thi giu vai trd ciia mdt
(Xem tiep trang 60)
U,
so'319
Thang
1-2011