NGON
NG0
SOI
2011
VI THE CUA TIENG ANH
TREN THE
Gidl
VA 6 VIET NAM
GS.TS HOANG VAN VAN
I.Dan luan
^ ,^.
r.
,
\
2.
Khii
quat ve tinh hinh
ph^t
Nhu nhan
dl da
chi ra, trong bai triln va vj
thi
cua tiing Anh tren
Viet nay
chung
toi
d\r
dinh se thao lu^n thi
gidi
v} thi
cua tieng Anh tren the

cd
khoang
3 tripu
[7]
trien
va
vi the cua tieng Anh hen
thi Ay thi
nhung chi ban bdn
thi
ki
sau,'
gidl,
giai
thich
t^
sao
tiing
Anh lai cd
^
<.
, ,.x ,
,
.
.
-
dupcvithlcuamptngdnnlftto^au.
'IT"^
"°'
^^^"^ ^"^ ^^^" *^ ^'"^

Vipt
Nam.
Txemg
phan
kit gia va virng lanh
thd,
viM
sd lugng ngudi
lu|n,
chung tdi sg l§p lu|n rang do
nhilu ndi khoang
1,5
- 2,0 ti. Nlu thdng ke
dieu Idpn
thuin lgi khac nhau, ca chu
^a
sd ngudi hpc tiing Anh nhu la mpt
quan lan khach quan, trong nhung thap • ~
- ^-^ , .^^ x
.
nien tilp theo cua
thi
ki
XXI,
vj
Al TTT "
''"°'
^'^ ^' "^^
cua tiing Anh nhu
la

ngo^i
ngu chilm mgt
Chung
vachfahs^hng(^
ngft
ndi rieng ti
Ip
khdng dudi 1/3 dan s6
thi
gidi
d nuac ta de cd the co dugc mgt chinh
, ,
sdch
ngo^
ngft hai hda, vfta dap ftng Thdng ke gan day nhit cua Lien
dugc nhftng yeu cau cua hgi
nh|p
va
Hi?P Quoc
cho bilt
hipn
nay khoang
todn cau hda, vira
t^o
ra
s\r
can doi vl
85%
cac td chftc qudc tl sft dyng tiing
ti

tram ca quan chuyen mdn, uy ban khu
vyc,
uy ban chftc
n^ng,
va
fty
ban thudng
trye sft dyng tieng Anh lam ngdn ngft
chinh thftc. Tieng Anh cd vai trd chinh
thftc
hoac
vai trd lam
vipc
trong bien
ban cua cac hgi nghi thugng (finh, hgi
nghj va hpi thao qudc te. Hipp hgi cac
nudc Ddng Nam A, Lien minh chau
Au, Td chftc Hipp
ude
Bdc Dai Tay
Duong, tat ca deu dftng tiing Anh lam
ngdn ngft chinh thftc. Tieng Anh cdn
la ngdn ngu chinh thftc duy nhat cua
Td chftc cac qudc gia xuat khau dau
Ifta,
la ngon ngft lam vipc duy nhit cfta
Hipp hgi Thuang mai ty do chau Au
va
ciia
Dien dan kinh the the gidi. Tham

Anh. Chi trong khu vyc chau A - Thdi
Bmh Duong ngudi ta da thdng ke dugc
khoang
90%
ki ylu cua
cac
td chuc qudc
tl dugc viet bdng tieng Anh. Cdc nha
khoa
h(?c
muon quang bd
kit
qua nghien
cim cua minh tren the gidi ciing phdi
dimg tiing Anh lam phuang
tipn
(fien
dat.
Tiing Anh cdn dugc cac
hipp
hgi
thi diao
qudc tl sft dyng lam ngdn ngft
chinh thftc: bit ki mgt sy
kipn the
thao
ldn
nao
tft khu vyc
din

phai chgn mgt ngdn ngu trung gian va
ngdn ngft trung gian nay thudng la tiing
Anh. Thi dy, khi mgt ngudi Phan Lan
giao tilp vdi mgt ngudi Hy Lap, thi
ngudi Phan Lan ndi tiing Phan Lan,
ngudi phien dich thu nhat djch sang
tieng
Anh
va ngudi phien djch thft hai
djch tft tiing Anh sang tiing Hy Lap.
Anh hudng cfta tiing Anh d chau Au
m^
den mftc ma nhilu trudng
d^i
hpc
hipn
nay sft dyng tiing Anh ldm
phuang
tipn
gidng day, dac bipt la d
hai bac
thae si
va tiln
si.
Tiing Anh
cd
m^t
va dugc chao ddn mgt
each
khd

ngu, trong do thai gian cua chuang
trinh phat bdng tieng Anh chiem mgt
tl
Ip
uu the; ca bipt cd mgt sd qudc gia
cdng
nghipp
phdt trien da ddnh mgt
kenh truyen hinh rieng phdt bdng tieng
Anh, chdng
h^
nhu
kerih
RT
cfta
Nga,
kenh
NHK cua Nhat Ban, kenh Arirang
cua Han Quoc, kenh Channel Newsasia
cua Singapore, v.v Ngc)di ra, hdu het
cac kenh ve thdi trang, ke ca thdi trang
cua Phdp, va cac kenh the thao tren the
gidi dudng nhu deu dugc phat bdng
tieng Anh.
Tft nhiing gi
du<?c
trinh bay d tren,
c(D
the khdng djnh khdng do dy rdng
tieng Anh dd thyc sy trd thdnh ngdn

trd thdnh mgt lyc lugng khdng the khuat
13
phyc dugc trong ljch sft phdt trien cua
cac ngdn ngft tren
thi
gidi"? Cdc hpc
gid khdc nhau dua ra nhiing cdch gidi
thich khac nhau, nhimg nhin chung
hai cdch gidi thich
du(3d
day la dai
dipn.
Cach giai thich thft nhat cho rang,
sddT
tiing Anh "bdnh trudng" khdng
the ngdn can dugc
Id
vi nd cd nhirng
d^
diem ngdn ngft de hgc [8]. Nhftng
n^di
ung hg cdch giai thich nay cho
rang ve mat hinh thdi, tieng Anh khdng
cd nhieu
h^u
td hay nhirng tan cftng
gdn vdo than tft nhu tieng Nga vd mpt
sd ngon ngft chau Au
khac.
Do

chdng ban nhu nhung hau td hay nhimg
tan cftng bien hinh cua tft va nhirng sy
khdc nhau ve gidng, sd,
each
cua danh
tft,
V.V.;
tieng Phdp tft nhiing ndm 1960
trd ve trudc cung dd tirng la mpt ngdn
ngft chung cho cac quoc gia va vimg
laiih
th6 thupc
(lia
cua Phdp bat chap
cdi thyc te la tieng Phap
kli6ng
phdi
Id
ng6n ngft dan gian ve
huih
thdi;
tieng
Nga la ngdn ngft cyc ki phftc tap ve
cdc pham tru nhu giong,
s6^
each,
thi,
the,
thdi vdi nhftng bien td cd ve rat
khd nhd, nhung trong phdn thft hai cua

ve hinh thdi va cau
true
khdng the ngdn
cari
mgt ngdn ngft
d^t
dugc vj the todn cau.
Ngugc lai vdi
each
giai thich thft
nhdt, each giai thich thft hai cho rdng
sd dl tieng Anh trd thdnh mgt ngdn ngft
todn cau la do
sue
manh
^uan
sy va
sue;
manh kinh te trudc het
Id
cua de
quoc Anh va sau dd la cfta ca hai de
qudc Anh vd My
[2,7],
mang lai. Quan
diem ndy dd dugc ljch sft the gidi chiing
minh vd do dd dugc chftng tdi chia se.
Di ngugc ddng
lich
sft, cd the thiy

mang lai. Tieng
A rap dd tftng cd dg lan tda rpng lan
a Trung Ddng vd d Bdc Phi, nhung dp
lan tda nay khdng phai la do dao dftc
hay uy tin cua ngudi
A
Rap,
cdng khdng
phai do nhirng ddc (fiem ng6n ngft cua
tieng A rap
ma
do sftc manh cua nhiing
dpi quan Ma
Rdc
yem trg cho
vipc
truyen
bd dao Hdi d the ki XVIII mang lai.
S^
hipn dipn cua tiing Tay Ban Nha,
tieng Bd Dao Nha, va tieng Phdp d chiu
Ml,
chau Phi vd vung Vien Ddng cdng
khdng
phdi
do bit ki
li
do nao khac ngoai
U
do vl

sftc mgnh kinh te. Tieng Anh dudng
nhu dugc sy yem trg cfta ca sftc mgnh
quan sy va
sue
manh kinh te de bien
nd trd thanh mgt ngdn ngft todn cau.
Trd lgi lich sft xam
luge
va khai pha
thugc dja cua de qudc Anh, cd the thay
rdng tft thai ki hau can dgi, ddc bipt la
tft dau the ki
XIX,
nudc Anh dd trd
thanh mgt qudc gia cd
nin
mau djch
vd cdng nghipp dung hang
d&u thi
gidi;
n(3
da cd nhung chien thuyen du mgnh
de di chinh phyc cdc quoc gia thupc
^a
va dd phdt triln dugc mgt nen kinh
te du manh, mgt nen khoa
h9c
dft hipn
dgi de cd the chi phoi cdc qudc gia nay.
Dan s6 cua nudc Anh trong giai dogn

song vdi sy phdt triln nay
Id
sy phat
trien cyc ki mau
Ip^
day hipu qud
ciia
nudc My. Vdo cudi
thi
ki XDC, dan
so
nuiirc
My (3a len
din
100 tripu, ddng
ban bat ki qudc gia Tay Au ndo va nen
kinh te cfta nudc My la nen kinh tl
phdt trien nhanh nhat, manh nhat the
gidi.
Cimg vdi sy banh trudng ve
quan sy vd phat trien mgnh me ye
kinh te, tft
gifta
the ki XVI den cudi
the
ki XIX, de
qudc
Anh dd "xuat
khiu" tieng Anh di khdp mpi nai tren
the gidi de cudi cung nd trd thdnh

h^c
bdt bugc ya
Id
mgt trong
sdu mdn
thi
de lay bdng tdt nghipp trung
hgc.
Lu(?mg
thdi gian mgt hgc sinh tdt
nghipp phd thdng dugc yeu cau phai
h9c
tieng Anh hipn nay la khoang 700
tiet. Trong giao
dye
dgi hgc, tieng Anh
tham chi cdn dugc coi trpng han: nd
la mdn hgc bat bupc d cd ba bac hpc
cft nhan (14 tin chi = 630 tiet
hpc),
thae
sT
(7 tin chi =
315
tiet hoc) va tiln sT
(3 tin chi
= 135
tiet hpc) . Trong bon
ngogi ngft dugc cdng nhan va bdt
bu^c

tucmg
Chinh phu da ki Quyet
dinh yeu cau tdt cd cdc quan chftc Chinh
phu deu phai hgc ngoai ngft, chu yeu
la tieng Anh. Gan day nhat, ngdy 30
thang 9 ndm 2008, Thu tudng Chinh
phft da ki Quylt dinh sd
1400/QD-TTg
ve vipc phe duypt De dn "Day vd
hcj)C
ngogi ngft trong hp thdng giao
dye
qu6c
dan giai dogn 2008 -2020", tri gia hipn
hdnh khoang 9.378 ti d6ng. De an quy
dinh m6n ngogi ngft dugc dgy va hpc
trong cac ca sd giao
dye
thugc hp thdng
giao
dye
qudc ddn la tieng Anh va mpt
sd ngogi ngft khac. Theo Quyet djnh,
De dn "Day va hgc
rigoai
ngu trong
hp thdng giao
dye
qudc dan giai doan
2008 -2020" bao gdm 3 giai dogn: giai

dgy
nghi,
trung cap chuyen
nghipp.
16
Ngon ngiif
so
1 nam 2011
cao ddng va dgi hgc. Ve chuan ngogi
ngu, De an xdc
dinh:^
"Khung trinh dg
ndng lyc ngogi ngu can xac dinh rd yeu
cau ve trinh dg, ndng lyc nghe, ndi, dqc,
viet tuang thich voi tieu chi xdc dinh
6 bgc do Hipp hgi cdc td chftc khao thi
ngogi ngft chau Au dd ban hdnh trong
dd bgc 1
Id
thip nhat vd bac 6 la cao
nhdt"
[10,
2]. De an cdn khuyin khich
cac ca sd dao tgo dgi hpc trien khai va
phdt trien cdc chuang trinh song ngft.
Nhu ciu
hgc
tiing Anh d
Vipt
Nam

nhftng nhu cau cy
the
cua cac ddi tugng
h(?c
khdc nhau Ben cgnh dd, nhieu
trudng phd thong dgy bdng tieng
Anh, nhieu trung tam tieng Anh budi
tdi da va dang dugc md ra, dap img
nhirng nhu cau
trye
tiep cfta ngudi
h(?c.
Cdng bdng ma ndi, nhd cd gdng
cua nhiing cdng ti tieng Anh va cac
CO
sd ddo tgo ngoai hp thdng giao
dye
qudc dan nay ma trinh dp tieng Anh
d Vipt Nam dd cd nhirng cdi thipn
dang ke, cimg cd virng chdc ban vj the
cfta tieng Anh d
cd
trong vd ngoai hp
thdng gido
dye
qudc ddn.
5.
Tuong lai ciia tieng Anh
a
Vipt Nam

Ip.
Ljch sft ngogi ngft tren the
gidi dd timg chimg kien sy lan tda va
sy suy tan cua cdc ngdn ngft chung nhu
tiing Latinh, tiing Hy Lgp, Tuang
ty, lich sft ngogi ngft
a
Vipt Nam ciing
da tftng chftng kien sy phdt trien cua
chft nho nhu
Id
ngdn ngft dugc sft dyng
chinh thftc trong cung dinh cfta cdc trieu
(igi
phong kien Vipt Nam vd sy suy giam
cua nd khi ngudi Phap xam
luge
Vipt
Nam, de rdi:
Ndm nay hoa ddo nd,
Khdng thdy dng do xua.
Nhitng ngudi mudn ndm cii,
Hdn d ddu bdy gid?
(Vu Dinh Lien, Ong dd) [3, 69]
Tiep theo sy suy tan cua chft nho
la sy suy giam cfta tieng Phap tft ndm
1954
khi ngudi Phdp
thua
tran vd bupc

cd
cau tra ldi chinh xac. Tuy nhien, dya
vao nhimg boi cdnh vdn hda - xd hgi
trong dd tiing Anh dugc sft dyng nhu
hipn nay, hoan todn cd cdn cft de tin
rdng It nhit
Id din hit
nfta diu cua the
ki XXI,
v}
the cfta tieng Anh nhu la
mgt ngdn ngu
toan
cau tren the
gi(M
va
nhu la ngogi ngu so mgt d
Vipt
Nam la
khdng thay ddi. Li do la vi tieng Anh
dudng nhu "dd phat trien de dgc lgp
vdi bat ki hinh thuc kiem sodt xd hgi
ndo"
[2, 129], va tdc dgng cua nd vdo
cac khia canh cua ddi sdng chinh tri,
kinh te, xd hgi tren the gidi hipn dgi
mgnh den mftc ma " neu nhiing ai
bj tudc mat ca hgi hgc tieng Anh thi
hp la nhfing ngudi phai chju thipt. Dd
khdng phai

Anh
Id
ngdn ngft dang cd thanh the hom
so vdi cac ngdn ngu khdc, nd dudng
nhu xuat hipn khdp mgi nai. Sy hipn
dipn cua tieng Anh tren the
gicM
hipn
nay rgng lan den mftc ma nhd ngdn
ngft
h.QC
xd hgi ngudi Dan
Mgeh
Robert
Phillipson [91
dS.
phai dftng thugt ngft
"chft nghia de quoc ngdn ngft" va nha
nghien cim ngdn ngft ngudi Nigeria
Ayo Bamgbose [1] dd phdi dftng thugt
ngft "ba quyen" va
each
ndi an dy "sd
thgp
phdn hoi quy" de chi sy lan tda
khdng gi ngdn can ndi cfta nd. Sy banh
17
tnrdng vd ba quyen cua tieng Anh ban
diu dugc
jIm

va ba quyen cfta
tieng Anh la mgt thyc te ma chinh sach
ngdn
ngft,
ddc
bi^t
chinh sach ngogi
ngft cfta bat ki qudc gia nao ciing deu
phdi tinh den. Tuy nhien, chi dya vao
thyc te nay ma bien tieng Anh thdnh
ngogi ngft dgc tdn trong mpt qudc gia
thi cd !g
Id
mgt chinh sdch ngoai ngu
thieu can ddi, de gay ra nhirng hdu qud
khdng mong mudn. Li do la
vi,
la mpt
phin cua chinh sach ngdn ngft, chinh
sach ngoai ngft khdng phai chi tac dgng
den ca cau cac ngogi ngft ma nd cdn
tdc dgng den nhiing van dl idnh
te,
chinh
tri,
xd
hgi,
b(M
vi nd khdng phai chi phyc
vy cho myc

mdn hpc bit bugc vd
nhiing
ngogi ngu khdc (ngogi ngu thft hai)
lam lam mdn hgc
t\c
chgn. Mgt chinh
sdch ngoai ngft nhu vay van tdn tao tim
quan trpng cua ngogi ngft thft nhit trong
khi van coi trgng mpt
each
hcpp li cdc
ngoai ngft khdc, tranh dugc tam li bj
"logi bd"
va,
do dd, tranh dugc xu hudng
cyc doan chi hgc mgt ngogi ngu trong
vipc lap chinh sach.
Chinh sach ngdn ngft khdng phdi
la myc dich ty than. Ca sd
h(?p
li cfta
nd phdi la cai md nd cd the gdp phan
vao phdt triln vdn hda, chinh fti; kinh
te,
va xd hpi tong the cua mpt
cjiidc
gia
Trong mdi quan hp ndy, chi nhdn mgnh
vao nhipm vy thu nhin thdng tin, tilp
thu tri thuc khoa

ki
chien tranh Ignh (tii giua
din
cuoi
the ki
XX),
rdt
nhiiu
cong trinh khoa
h(K,
cd khoa hpc
t\r
nhien vd khoa hpc xd hoi
vd
nhdn
van,
bdng tiing Anh
ducrc
djch
sang tiing
Nga.
^ S6 li?u diniK lay
tit
cdc chucmg trinh ddo
tgo hi?n hdnh
a
Dgi hpc Qudc gia Hd
Ngi
d cdc
ca sa

Y.
Kachru
& CL Nelson
(Eds.),
Singapore:
Blackwell,
2006.
2.
D. Crystal, English as a Global
Language,
Cambridge:
CUP,
1997.
3.
Hodi Thanh & Hodi
Chdn,
Thi
Nhan
Vi$t
Nam,
In ldn thir mudi
ba,
1997.
4.
Hodng
Vdn
Vdn,
Nhu cau va dpng
ca hpc tieng Anh
ciia

& CL. Nelson
(Eds.),
Singapore:
Blackwell,
2006.
1.
N. Honna, East Asian Englishes,
In
The Handbook of Worid Englishes,
BE.
Kachru
&
Y.
Kachru
& CL. Nelson
(Eds.).
Singapore:
Blackwell,
2006.
8. RD. King, The Beginnings, In
The Handbook of World Englishes, B.B.
Kachru &
Y.
Kachru &
CL
Nelson
(Eds.),
Singapore:
Blackwell,
2006.