!"#
"##$%&&'()*"+, "/)0(!#1
"2"$30 4#567&&889:);'#567
<=>)?7@#@@"#A)
B"7CD0E,#0$3"70F "7)7"G"+
+$H67BI)J"-:67K"7A7L7)>)M
:CD7K"+NK"-B0OPQ=/CJR)(
0$S"J'".J).JTC7U
/"V''(W'#X"CV
YZW5[\UE+]+#^)+]+]_CS`"D
!a+S- );$b"# millerit);7C"#
niccolit));7CN$b"quặng niken
c0(!'J$3F0d"25)"[);2$3
0$S+N(^'R0e7))#@'d7\)
"/CS-$'ZEGerman silverY5)$30$S
+N);2'7R70(J "CVYC7'f-:6
@#"dS-/"fCVYg2
7-F'@67hTW+N8h)hP67-EI0,0$Si7C#
OPQ
jR9k0$Sla-$[`B0$S+N_-2"%Tk
G0$S+NmCS-mTPkG0$S+N"!_--C
n#)#7 #0n(CR-o0n)'Rj#
; 67p4Rl9M988 qfT88
.!7J"72]"0 +]"7);i2"/V-
"@;e2] -#Yi#"JB67$36
@0Ui#"JCR 212!-i#"J7#iW0,0$7/
Nguồn: Diaxon và Ctv, 1975
.$S"0 07@;'@0/"-)#"/Y8T0@
u8 `"$S"0 07.7jbX"R+$;0@
8 Z C_)0 d$S7 $0 {+A>7'CC)
j7C7A`"0 i#()0 "n7)/C0 *[I(
ZW'!0 J"0#g-7'N("-E
*[+]G77Z )N2)'#2I(
>@'@(07)+:(J[]"a
W(|!''NR)/C-BBI0$70 /$S
0#e+$37Y0/2!-f0#
$S"0 "'NRe6@+$;+7*["
0$S+]Bn" 0/);B
4)2'--7'-B*[*'!-#---:
R)!n67B/0/B.$S"B\"
0 $7'd2]#7" ()J-R#RB2"$3R
BC\`)p$S"/CBD-oBI^
Ef7Cn*7#$;2#7'7
>@'@(07)+:(J[2]"a
W(|!''NR)/C-BBI0$70 *$S
0#e+0/2!-If0#$S"
0 "'NRe6@+$;+7*[" +]0$SBn
" 0/0);B=2"$32]25Ie0$7)0
P
34>50167<?
@
%AB0=-5C1D'B0<E=089$FG$67
6-5()H/#%/
#6
-5()
I01(2
TTM
P
{#RY
)!0q
81TT
T1
u
P1T
P
81TT
u
1
8u
PM
TT1TP
uT
991
T
8
P19
P9
{#R)
$;R02
d
8M1
T8
1uu
9
9T9
91
TM
P
u1
TuT
T
T1
uu
TP9
PT8
}V0\
Y5i
TT1
u
TT
1
P
TM
u1P9
T9
89P1
uP
T9
u1u9
1P
9
P9
`F$S
j})0
f
91
P
uu1
P8M
u1
P9
91
891
T9PP
891
uu
uM1
P
9M1
T8u
Nguồn : Nriagu và Pacyna (1988)
~#"J-#"2!-I$7#iWI0,
e0$7/$S;)"0 gD)2]";-0
Wa/Ci70$S"4RC7U
34N:O1505-5PQ0'G1R)0S<0=
T$ #P
Q0
I(4P
Q0
T$ #
0/*7#i7
=2"$3'd2]R$a;0@$S"B`"2
"$325'd2]J\Bp-"( )$)p
"7^W#B/#+]+4NRIe2]i7"\
0);B|J+]+0/"BiR)$S7
.$S-#""0 22]70F+@2
"$3)C\`.$S"#B#7J#7"
($$S"NB67#$;#7J#7
2(
34U>50167'(089$F'#
JF'#
38V
W
*&()
6X
*&()%P *'('(
2\ . 88u18PP 8TTy8Pu
>B0pB . yTP
>R'V- }# 88y8T 89TyPP 9
{7+@- }# 88y8u 8y T
>" >6 88Ty88 8T9y8M P9
. {\ 88uy889 8My8u P
j7B >6 88uy89 8TMy8 8
>7 ~R 88Ty88P 8uPy8u P9
L$7/ ~R 88188 PyT8 P
`# ~R 888P1888 889 •88
>7 ~R 888 8PMyT •88
Nguồn: Shacklette, 2009
5!+!"$;"Y'd2]Ye$;R67
Th
>
Th
W>+
Th
-R"7#)d"5"70F);
#-F'@[$>7)=Dnƒ0!67+"70F
5R"7
.:@#E)(CD$*W"0 #%"7CD
-E2"70F#i#"J$*0W'!$30$S2R$ --l
7nW2+l[#i#"Jn
9
=4"+MM0$7"7P+5!CDJ@'(W0W
"$y#U
cE0/70W"$#"'!j'")M9
gDR-67T.
h
q=
Th
'd --l<"'C)M9)
gD70F5 0!5'(W67$@iR67 --lg)
="7M
gD-E-67#i#"J --l"0 +C$S;#
+'(W --l)[@@
• *[O/1O%01(2'(,/')
gD --l0W"$#67##i70@0/6-B
67`f567#0J#-E +"
IfCD --l0W"$674""M9EDf
0/6-B$>+••>•?••>•x'•.)#i#"J#
IED7fCD --l0W"$=i7!W*70/6-B
gDJ#-E'7-:
j@#)'(W#
34\>J]/1OO(/I;-R/(Y'^ZO'G/W
)%01(2
*W) !O(/[O/1O
?
T
…" ‰=‰>‰>‰?‰>+‰g"‰x'
jRf50!Bx7 >‰‰>‰x'‰>+‰?‰=‰g"
†0/(‡ x'‰>+‰>‰>‰‰?‰g"‰=
>q&")yŠ7 >‰‰?‰>‰=‰g"
Nguồn: McBride, 1989
34@>J]/1O%01(2SO0(/7D)
_V1 *[O/1O #
>#•)20dJ >‰x'‰?‰‰>‰>+ j'")M9
>#•)20dJ >‰x'‰?‰>+ })M8
>#<)20dJ x'‰>‰?‰‰>+‰> j'")M9
>#<)20dJ x'‰>‰?‰>+ })M8
z<‹‹. >‰x'‰?‰>+ <"'C)Mu
z<‹‹. >‰x'‰?‰>‰‰= =jAM8
.77 x'‰>‰?‰>‰‰= =jAM8
‹='"CC x'‰>‰=Œ>‰?‰ =jAM8
‹= >‰? =""7M
=yg‹
T
x'‰>‰?‰>"‰>+ })M8
••) Œ >‰x'‰? gA")g"
M9
• Œuy ?‰>‰x' |")>MT
gV)=77IS- +] 0);BOMQ
|!-B'"-‚+!i70@ *[W)20d
JW-:C_b/)Y0 Z/767"0 w!
d); |!n)#gV)=770W'!-l/)
>ˆ)J‹.
h
0$S -l/#\\)I)J+!5'(W67
--ld#0/67
1+0/"0 )Rf-E7a+#S- 7*
[0 *[)'d2]
1"0 -l/()"0#r`$S"
;-0 WI-R#i#"JJ0 ))!2]
xE *[67#"0 )$;0$S/@i7
"\C#CDG77)+]67#"!0 yBgCMMT
7S- *["0 '7;-J-Ej}U
>#-B*[eD"0 );# "n)5 7
\0,'@e#77-7#-C77"+77--
>#7 *[BeYCR 2!-2
!-)C
>#7)•)5l"0 $ "n'/$70$S
"Ž
>#S- *[+]'d-#6U#+"77'$CC
)-C77">#S- E7"-")77>#S- 'R
)!B7)C#-" 0'•,)+0e"0 "/3
7+
>#-E y*["0 p-")#0-7)
•)'([)J#S- R$a(0@#"!0 y
B
8
.•Rf@);i7"\$5H-B) "n
)0
.)2'#M9"X77•
Ph
);#77'q
V$7"7)7"7"/i#"JR0/2i7"\"#
:0 7[#"]BfCBCˆdR$a670/5•
Ph
• P1G%a%01(2-R)cX
=2J7#@); *["0 p-")#S-
-:7)7•)
>#@-p"2J7+D0#@)50/67
-E *[y"#!2"$3E2-Rp-#
'@ "n7\@67 *[W)(#[@@
>7+5672J0$S+Nl05U#2J#
0d/$S^#)d"5@""ˆ2J07)d"5)#2JC
+l#)d"5@@-7#2JEf'(lWi7-F
#Dƒ0!>7-')`CC"M
|J# "n@67#S--:7)7•)" *
[670 )‚$7'@R@"X@%#E-B",
-"6@1>‹‹.)-y‹.=""7)}+"MP+N2J2
-^-B‚0+D0#$S#)d"5@"/0[
)dC$S7•)=2J2-^@67=
Th
>7
Th
=
Th
?
‰x'
Th
‰?
Th
Œ
Th
‰>
Th
‰>+
Th
‰=
Th
‰>7
Th
‰=
Th
>#-:67ED#D0$S 7"#2'#7\
Y#ED0d7"7•)"0 );$30/7Œ8) ŒP
gA").7"CM8U
<
Ph
‰•
Ph
‰>
Th
‰
Th
‰>
Th
(CB-‚+!Y0'0,#0d0$S$S)@E
)(CD"7"20,0$SC+l0#0d7+567) 0(2]
(UCD+67)CDJnU7);'NRW
R#W'); "%Y$77
ed'P%01(2'()9%9dLf
=/# R2!-2!-)02d0$S0$7)0 );7
#EU$0FR)nE7# *[$/-$[-#-0R
! "n0 { ("C R'e'NR-B"/W
$;"%Y# R"VE70/(jR98k'NR
0$SR"7fa•0$SC+l0 2!-C$S"'J
fR8888 )p 2W888888 )p $;=z"7M
4!-#-7@S--#-")!RR0F"7'()N0 2
!-0,C+l'NR
P
4N)$;R+N"0 )0 7#);"J67(
Rf+Y0 )$;:0," 0$Snt;`"
>B“P-$[-#-C#CD'FC)0 U;)(
e0/67"'N@e0/"0 )w!'FC
8fz;!0);e0/"'NR0$SC+l
"0 u8>+…u88…888x'…P888?…)88
>…>CC•”"-7>CMT>#[i72"$307
J@#-$[-#-0+D'#CD"7"267"'N5+]C
\)#$;+‚67\#E+l67'NR+D7"Rf"70F
7 >”> 67 0 >CC • ”"-7 >C MT• z"+7
M9`Y*@p)(CE -n"0 a-:PPP)Y*
E#5 670 )#"0 jM
+D7)#@670 +E0#0$S5+0/)Rf*
670 'e 0 <)=))p *[a"0 j")/CD
M9•jMj")/CDM90, "X@ 0 )N'(Wk
<D+) *@+D'#CD+67>+4?)"'p0
f"7"267>7>+==7?)•@);CD7f57
)CD"7"267>"><x')•@);CDG7767# *[
`57670 f5+0/67)n0oi#"J
"7"267•=)?)R>+)$2#0/0@i#"J
67>)x' @#@); *[670
N*/8$-RF'#-5(6g
N*/8RF'#
N*+, 4[9YO-V-R%01(2S
• "R
=2"$3'd2]WY0#=77"-:E67)^"#
0 4"7+C7€Mu@2CD#0/i#E67$3J/C
W"0 @iR67CD#7DB"7'a#iW:'(W
0 ”"CMM8
()D'd2]"37:0B|;CD-#"2
!-")G8fi70,"7i#"Jf67$S
"#0/i70@$3
>#eB67)2"$3" ()07+)'7e
!7#)0##!7<"+7+MM8•2]Y
#0/[22”"CM9•t$;R'N>")=z"7fM•
0$3+B0!•&1.77M)Y)!C+l"YCB)+!
LC)CMuM8Z(„0dW B2]
2"$347")Š7"MM
>RPWx7CC€)CM9W+Np*
†W‡0@7)‚$7"Ž")C$Sj})‚G("7,
>n0)7"G"#C0(#i#"JC\"a
-:i7"\-"4")MM8);C$S;B
0/:@#D)pZ/567W0@B"eI0,
0$SE
‹77M-B7#[@0/567fUCD
0eC"0 ]0e7'7)#BN#2
C0$S
*f:0B$;E)(Rfd67B0);
W0," -#"(E0,%"7(e"B
Rfd0);>#D)pC:#^7#
7#)N2]$30$S0$7"70$SE
47")x""MM8"X#D)pd0$SW
-R#-NS-)#0$Sf$3i7#@!=qD
)p%d0D0$S0);Yj@iR#)N2]
$3507+ -Z);#!C#)2$S
W7Cˆ'd'@0F'd2]W
• T/'$^%01(2S,DO-V
('@)(Rfd67i:D)pY#E
:0B)(#D)pC:#)N7#>#BR
fd);$30$SJ a#)N2]W
I/CB0$SJ "#!C#2('d2
]WgD-#"RfdW67B+#-
D67i#J\\D
>\\Df$3#dfi7#@!
D)p~#"Ji:f$3#d);-l/)
/)B0W'!0/0/'@5$;i:
>MTJ"7"XRfdˆ)J67#•"CC
C•7+7)x7777'dRY)N7
^C70 C
.)=MIJ CD#7"Rf"7
*7i:Rfd)i:2Rfd"
0 'J$3
>N);#-D\\RfdW2
0i:C"0(!'J$3+N:C #RRf
d -
e/$S;0e'7"7"2i#"J@0e[8
f"$;`""MM
|5+lET)N0 "eB q:(##!Jyˆy
7+:•)['d2]);$S7>")/
CDMM
=/)5+l#)(Bx77C'"+7B(-#"a
*-'d2]2"$3B-7BR
fdR5#B2CD@70W'!)(Rfd
RJ2'^^#)D2]4"7"+){+
MM
c="7"Š7C/)DC+l#ERfdR
"$;0B)'7e#)D',R^"/;'d2]Jyˆ
B bulô ) Salix spp. C "$a " ', R E7 ; P8888… x' )
88888…?`"")LCMMP'
L)ŠC0, "X567Betula spp. fW?
'X#0+"Je0/ 0d)$Si#-)fe0/"0
gDfWE0/;+i7;'/"].767B'2
'V0:"7"18f0:67i#"JC"$aiR#-##
/$S;iR.7"+M
gD-#"Rf567Bbulô0$SR5i7
0\\DF0>#BBf5);#E0/
a0 #s-I0,0$S2R4"CMZ37" +"2
i7Y0`"CCD5)@70,R"7
>e'XE)(CD5['R67*D)p37
C+);2"$3C67ng7+)/CDMM0,_R
$a67•0);B)0,%"7"XRfdE@+•/!
$S-F'@aB"e
=/C)5+l)(RfdR67B#"/)#N'#0,0$S
"5+‚`"/C"$3S-#0/R0);•0,0$S2');
}477M7'E5Rf767#G<fM8•
.)`7M•<7M9
j_Rfd0D67BB"$a-R0$SJp
#7YB`w!"70F 70F672+d777'$/#
B-#")#-:672i7S-f2-l/)F67B|J
)p)!_"B"$a20$S#-+l0);B
"e
• "R2^OF'#<R2(h=
T8
{Ž"*;E0/d0D67D)p0$SZ(
0$S!"Ž"'aCD@*$[05a2"$3'd2]
W+N)D((2'd2])‚/!D)p07+'J
$3`2@E06;0#0d5#;0d$S
67CDd0DEE($SD@0/ 7\0/)
7[25E00$SLC›CMM'Z(
+'@+d+"(WR$a$[#+CD@S-# B2]
L›CM•.CMu$30$S -p"X%*
D)p@*:'@0F+"(0fCEd0D"i:67
nMuZ7C#2CD70F5S-4"7+C7€0( †B'X
‡02RCD@'@0F/#5S-a:@#
>#-RE0/5I0$S#0d'a/C@D
-R0/50/)0/5(67#B2]$
$SC_$S *[) ++$H>7"MgD$[i7
)(F$S"0 )$S0/"D)p" 50$S'@
0@
gD#7)(E0/d0D67##"i:
CDd0D$[00$S#0d!"-G5!„$
00/+"]""$3S-E7ŠCMM#
D)pe"2"$3'd2]CEd0D2i#(I
2i#5X-_-CD-#"$47"M))•$/
0n'R CEda)d"d$3'd2]);/C)'X
E67CD$[#*7#>"=7"M
zR-#-['R0$S -0#0d0/567
!D)p)('XE#0/*70/)#
-:#"0`"(>7"70,0$SC+l$/
R-#-['RŠCM*R'R)()!C+l'Y7
',L7)Cg7+MP
4R 67R-#-['RR$aCBCV0@#%C0)#
@p0,0$S"n"7
|!C+l#%Cd00+!#+*!B
:;0W'!@""$3S-/0$SC+l"/R
370d47"M•=77"MM8=77"MM8"XW+N–p
"a5S-0-B'!CD#'!)(CEd"a/
qF"\CD#'!@[0$S#-#™%"7"X)!
@D!CEd67"Y#)R$a$[#
672"$3)2#"3CD$[#$[#2"$367
CDf"$a"]Y$[#2"$367#d`"
("$3S-00/f"$a)"#"$3S-2'd2]
0B@5#0d#"d67%CCEd
>#-$[-#-#0,0$S-#"0#0d0d$SCEd
0W'!!_+"]2-R/-$[-#-@D
TT
x$[-#-7@'7e)!C+l#R:- )–p
2 2x 7R:)f$a- 70,0$SC+l$#
%C67CEdx 7R:)f"$a- 'dR$a'a
B2]25j55)E@*0W0- 7-l/
)I$# B2]e0/67)/C@#$0/o
$[0Š"C=7"CM
•;5+D7"#E)(7%"7"X*0$S!
"- 70+!0@98k#0$S!"70'
*#0/670);CDC"$a67D)pU{'"C)
=7M8 '@ a $S 88PT … 0/ "] B Brrachystegia
spiciformis"++dC•7ae0/88PT…CD-B7@
''dR"a)ae0/889P…70F@')J,
CD-#"C{'"CM%"7"X>7)=n-R5
0/67
.$S67B0/B"eJ+70/Y8188
5 2
=2"$3'd2]R$a0@$S"B`"2
"$325'd2]J\Bp-"( L0"7
"2^W#+]+
4NRIe2]i7"\0);B|J+]+0/"
BiR)$S7
Ni6bR9[%(j(6g
)#67+7)YfM8$370,-#!"7'!
E7+4!)+7+R"7' E7;
i:#W0e"7CE; @-n);V
'!0$32 -`@-nB+);B!$S)+7) !+d
E/0/i70$32 -Bd'e2070:@_+CˆR
a0@-F!:"$[7p> *[7"'0/
57)B!$S$-F
Ukd1l%&LmO-V
.!7) 0(2]W"0 07+]"7-F'@a(
["`@;>" (-$[-#-#70$SC+l0t
Tu
W"0 `:0B-$[-#-C+lD)p0tW
"0 0$S#7\i7B0W'!'a-50:$ -7)
B!);2"$34)@p-";!#D)pC -l
W"0 I$")\672!t2"$3;
U"R