- What is grammar?
Grammar drived from Greek “grammatike” meaning “to write”
- Kinds of grammar:
Prescriptive grammar: to be phrased as prohibition - standard grammar
Descriptive grammar: to describe the grammatical system of a language (e.g to describe
how to play football: using a ball, hand and a basket )
- Grammar development:
• Traditional grammar: grammar teaching at school, parts of speech, The traditional
categories
• Immediate constituents: using techniques for displaying sentence structure is the use of
immediate constituent (IC) analysis
• Phrase structures and transformational grammar:
- Phrasal structure: the division of a sentence into parts, or constituents, and the division
of those constituent into subparts.
- the transformational rules can be informally thought of as an instruction to change
one structure to another
Functional grammar: showing grammar communicating meaning in social
interaction.
Ngu* phap 2
1
Grammar
Morphol
ogy
Class
es of
word
(differ
ent
parts
of
spee


O
p
e
n

c
l
a
s
s

i
t
e
m
s
N
o
u
n
s
A
d
j
e
c
ti
v
e

m
s

A
r
ti
c
l
e
s
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
ti
v
e
s
P
r
o
n
o
u
n

c
ti
o
n
s
Syntax
D
e
a
l
s

w
i
t
h

t
h
e

c
o
m
b
i
n
a
t
i

t
s

o
f

l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
Phra
ses
N
P,
AdjP
,
Adv
P,
PreP
, VP
Clau
ses
M
a
i
n

n
f
i
n
i
t
e

-

v
e
r
b
l
e
s
s

S
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
s

E

2

k
i
n
d
s

-

S
i
m
p
l
e

-

C
o
m
p
l
e
x
:

+


n
g

S
u
b
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
o
r
s
Ope
n
clas
s
item
s
• I
t
c
o
n
v
e
y

o

m
a
n
y

o
f

t
h
e
m
,

c
a
n

n
o
t

c
o
u
n
t


e
d
.
• T
w
o

m
e
m
b
e
r
s
c
a
n

g
o

t
o
g
e
t
h
e
r



n
o
t

e
x
c
l
u
d
e

e
a
c
h

o
t
h
e
r
.
• C
a
n
a
l
w

c
o
n
v
e
y
s

f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n

w
o
r
d
s
.
• C
a
n

c
o
u

m
i
t
e
d
.
• T
w
o

m
e
m
b
e
r
s
c
a
n
n
o
t
g
o

t
o
g
e

s
s

e
x
c
l
u
d
e
e
a
c
h

o
t
h
e
r
.
• C
a
n

n
e
v
e
r

act (v) actor (n)
actress (n) action (n)
activity (n)
active (a)
actively
(adv) a
school-girl
1, Is it right to say that right wrongs no man?
2, One can not right all the wrongs in the world.
3, Cure that cold with a drink of hot lemon before you go to bed.
4, Drink this quick ! Don’t let it get cold.
5, Before the fire, there had been a plague, the like of which had not been known
before and has not been seen since.
6, It is a common failing to suppose we are not like other men, that we are not as other
people are.
7, As your doctor, I must warn you that the results of taking this drug may be very
serious.
8, Growth in weight results in the development of muscles and fat.
9, Warm pan, sift dry ingredients and stir well.
10,Dry hair thoroughly with warm towel and comb.
Unit 1 - Phrases - clauses - sentences
1 PHRASES
1.1. Definition
A group of one or more than one words, equivalent to a part of speech.
A phrase consists of (Pre-modification) + Head + (Post-modification)
d, Prepositional phrase (Pre.P):
in the class pre. NP
a noun phrase dominated by a preposition
1.2. Kinds of phrase: 5
a, Noun phrase (NP): a phrase in which there is a noun as a head

more slowl
v
Adv
head
than I did
premod.
Adv
head
postmod.
e, Verb phrase (VP): a group of one or more than one verbs in which there is a verb as a
head.
- Structurally, there are 2 kinds of VP:
• Finite verb phrase: a verb phrase whose verb element agrees with the subject in
person and number.
• Non - finite verb phrase: a verb phrase whose verb element does not agree with
the subject in person and number.
- Infinitive non-finite verb phrase:
+ “To” infinitive non-finite verb phrase: To learn English is difficult.
+ Bare infinitive non-finite verb phrase: Run away is what I could do then.
-Ing participle non-finite verb phrase: My duty is learning English.
-Ed participle non-finite verb phrase: Asked a lot of questions, she was
tired.
Non-finite VPs
• Finite VPs (V, V-s & V-edl, etc.) have
tense and mood of a certain
They go there very often.
He goes there twice a week.
(Tense: past; mood : indicative)
We went there yesterday. (Tense:
past; mood : indicative)

a
He
3rd person,
is_
3rd person,
sing. FVP -
simple have
learnt FVP -
Englis
I
Finite
typ
2. CLAUSES
2.1 Definition a part of a sentence, conveying an independent supposition
2.2. Clause elements : S,V,0,C,A
a. Object: - Directobject (Od.): I like him.
S V Od
- Indirect object (Oi) + Od: I gave him a book.
S V Oi Od
b. Complements:
- Subject complement (Cs): to describe or indicate the characteristics or feature of the
subject - after copular verbs (link verbs)
+ BE group: be, appear, seem, feel, look, see, sound, smell, taste , expressing the
current attribute:
He appears tired.
S V Cs
+ BECOME group: become . come, get, go, grow, turn, , expressing the resulting
attribute:
He becomes famous.
S V Cs

Carefully. he worked.
A disjunct S V
(generally speaking, in fact, to be honest, to tell the truth )
Conjuncts: peripheral to the structure of the clause and connective fonction
Secondly. you have to learn French.
A conjunct S V Od
(finally, on the other hand, in brief, that’s why, in other words, in addition,
moreover, in conclusion, what’s more, further more )
Ex. 5, 7
2.3 Classification
a, According to usage: 2
- Independent clause:
+ Simple sentence : Tom saw Mary.
+ Compound sentence: Tom saw Mary and he ran away .
+ Complex sentence: When Tom saw Mary,he ran away.
+ Dependent clause: When he saw Mary, he ran away.
b, According to clause elements and verb complementation: 7 kinds
S. V. O. C. A
SV
SVA
SVC
SVO
SVOA
SVOC
svoo
- S + V(intransitive)
- S + V(intensive) + Adverb
- S + V(intensive) + Cs
- S + V(mono transitive) + Od
- S + V(complex transitive) + O + A

To learn English is difficult.
+ Bare infinitive non - finite clause:
All I did was hit him on his head.
-Ing participle non - finite clause:
The teacher being ill we missed our lesson.
- Ed participle non - finite clause:
Given a beautiful present, she was happy.
His job finished, he went home.
C3, Verbless clause: a clause whose verb
element is absent He
went to bed angry.
verbless
<-> When he was angry, he went to bed.
She stayed at home jobless.
<-> Because she was jobless, she stayed at
home.
Ex: 11
d, According to syntactic function of the clauses: 2
- Independent clauses (main/super ordinate) :
He ran away when I turned out.
- Dependent clauses (sub-clause/subordinate)
What he wants is what I want.
Functionally : Ithink that you can do it if you
try.
‘a’ is the superordinate to ‘b’ or ‘c’ is the
subordinate to ‘b’ ‘b’ is the superordnate to
‘c’ ‘b’ is the
subordinate to ‘a’
____________ECi
______FC 1

I
enjoy
listeni
ng to
music.
I want
to
learn
Englis
Structura
h.
- Relative
clauses:
The man who
was
stan
ding
at
the
door
is
my
brot
her.
Defi
ning
relat
ive
clau
se

Structura
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t

c
l
a
u
s
e
:

W
h
e
n

T
o
m

s

t
d
e
n
t

c
l
a
u
s
e
:

W
h
e
n

T
o
m

s
a
w

M
a
r

t

&

v
e
r
b

c
o
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
S
-
t
-
V
(

S
-
*
-
\
/

(
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
Structura
v
e
)

+

A
:

H
e

i
s

— S +V
(com
plex
trans
itive)
+ O -
+- A:
They
put
him
in a
good
positi
on
S -*-\/
(Co
mple
x
trans
itive)
-*-
Od
-*-
Co:
They
mad
e me
happ
y
— S

:

H
e

g
a
v
e

m
e

h
i
s

b
o
o
k

V
e
r
b

p
h
r

infini
tive
non
-
finit
e
clau
se:
IVIy
duty
is to
r&m
ind
him
of
his /
•>
sl<
"Bar
e"
infini
tive
non
-
finit
e
Structura
clau
se:
All I

non
-
finit
e
clas
ue:
Mis
job
finis
hed,
he
wen
t
hom
e
— V
e
r
b
l
e
s
s
c
l
a
u
s
e
:

l
o
n
f
Structura
o
o
t
S
y
n
t
a
x
ti
c
-
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
Inde
pend
ent
claus
e
— Depen

o

i
s

s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g

a
t

t
h
e

d
o
o
r

i
s

m