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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Mrs. Le Dieu My, M.A lecturer
of Foreign Language of Department at Duy Tan University, my supervisor for her
precious assistance, useful comments and enthusiastic helps to me during the
writing of this graduation paper.
I am sincerely thankful to all my beloved teachers at Department of Foreign
Languages for their worth lecture, wide knowledge and kind assistance to me
during the time I was studying at university.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank my classmates at Duy Tan
University and all my close friends for their kind encouragement.
Many words of thanks to the library staff of Duy Tan University who help me
with materials during the time I was learning at university, especially, in the period
of time I am writing this graduation paper.
Last but not least, I especially wish to thanks all members of my family for
their love, help, and understanding.
I wish all of you a good health, happiness and success.
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STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP
Except where reference is made in the text of the graduation paper, this paper
contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in the whole or in part from a
graduation paper by which have qualified for or been awarded another degree or
diploma.
No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the
graduation paper.
This graduation paper has not been submitted for award of any degrees or
diplomas in any other tertiary institutions.
Danang, June 5
th
, 2014
TÔ MỸ QUỲNH CHÂU

INTRODUCTION
1. RATIONALE
Vietnam is developing day by day, and the international relationship
increasingly broadens. Therefore, the foreign language demand also increases with
a huge amount of translated documents, materials, news. Many means of
communication such as broadcast, TV, newspaper need to be translated foreign
languages into Vietnamese in order to express to the public. In addition, contracts,
project document, data need to be translated in administrative transaction. The
movie and film also should have Vietnamese subtitles. Therefore, it has no doubt to
understand that the translation is very important in our life and the society.
In many fields, an education is one of the main fields of the society. Vietnam is
a developing country, so the education also plays the important role in the
development of the country. The economy and society more and more develop.
Therefore, the education should be promoted and enhanced more and more. To do
this, the education of each nation needs to get much time and efforts to carry out.
With the long history development, there are many countries having the education
that is developing a lot, changing and also improving to adapt to the global
development.
Because the aim of the graduation paper is providing some information and a
material for educators and translators to understand not only the American
Education but also to exchange the translation versions and the translation methods,
I chose the chapter 3 of the American Education book of Joel Spring-Teachers
Unions and Teacher Politics.
The education is really hard to understand, transfer and, translate exactly and briefly
if you are not the person who works in the education department. Surely, to do this, it
should get so much time to understand and to study, also have wide knowledge that can
translate and transfer to the best translation version.
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As a student whose major is translating and interpreting, I would like to choose
this book to complete my graduation paper. I hope that I can apply many things I

brief history of NEA and AFT, and the role of two unions nowadays.
The education is one of the primary matters and is the important part of the
society. Every developing country always focuses on the education. However, to
implement well and improve suitably for the development of the society and
economy are the difficult problems. In many countries, the government usually felt
hard to solve some education problems, argumentations and contradictions arising
in the educations.
Because the government has many tasks and works such as guiding, instructing,
and issuing the guidelines and policies for their nations, they hardly administrate
and handle all tasks strictly and seriously.
Therefore, many unions and organizations were founded with the same aims,
and played a main role to the American Education. Two organizations leading in
this movement are The National Education Association and The American
Federation of Teachers. The missions of two unions are to be representatives of
teachers, students who bargain with the administrations and managers to gain the
collective aims accordant with two sides. Moreover, two unions also represent of
two parties of the American government. The NEA represents the Republican Party
and The AFT, represents the Democratic Party. In addition, two unions express two
different demands and expectation of teachers, and take part in some activities to
control and solve some problems relating to the education. Besides that, The NEA
and The AFT affect a lot to the American politics. The text in the graduation paper
provides some essential information relating the problems talked above.
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3.2. TEXT LENGTH
Because the time and the quantity of words in the book for translating is limited,
some first parts in the book were selected to translate. The text includes 15 pages,
4637 words, 39 paragraphs.
3.3. TEXT ORGANIZATION
In the American Education book by Joel Spring, there are two parts with eleven
chapters:

American Education Book written by Joel Spring, Tenth Edition, Published by
McGraw-Hill, 2002.
4. METHOD OF THE STUDY
This graduation paper was performed with some following steps:
 Constructing the translation theory, then analyzing and presenting the
illustrating examples.
 Finding out the author and the book I will translate
 Beginning to translate, and studying particularly vocabularies, the names of
the organizations and some terminologies.
 Researching some references on Internet or in books in order to have more
basics to construct and analyze the graduation paper exactly and briefly.
5. STUDY ORGANIZATION
• Part A: Introduction
The introduction gives rationale for the study. It also outlines the aims and the
objectives of the study.
• Part B: Development
The development consists of 3 chapters:
Chapter 1: Theoretical Background
Chapter 2: Suggested Translation
Chapter 3: Analysis
• PART C: Dificultities and Solutions
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This part presents some difficulties I got when translating and outlines my
solutions to handle with them. References include all books, articles, or websites
referring to during the study. The appendix lists lots of examples of different groups
of equivalence in order of the alphabet.
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PART B: DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER 1
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

a. Total Translation
In “total” translation, all levels of source language text are replaced with target
language material. Strictly speaking, “total” translation is a misleading term, since,
though total replacement is involved, it is not replacement with equivalent at all levels.
In “total” translation, source language grammar and lexis are replaced with
equivalent target language grammar and lexis. This replacement entails the
replacement of source
Language phonology/graphology with target language phonology/graphology, but
this is not normally replacement with target language equivalents.
Example: (1) Money is not the best thing. Tiền không phải là tất cả.
(2) Mary has just gone out! Mary vừa mới ra ngoài rồi!
b. Restricted Translation
In “restricted” translation, source language is replaced with equivalent one at
only one level (phonologically/graphologically) or at only one of the two levels of
grammar and lexis.
 Example: Birmingham: Bớt-ming-ham
California: Ca-li-phóc-ni-a
1.1.2.3. Phonological Translation
In this translation, the main thing is source language phonology is replaced with
equivalent target language one, but there are hardly other important replacements.
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 Example: Taekwondo: Thái Cực Đạo
In phonological translation, sometimes grammatical or lexical changes may
result accidentally. For example, an English plural such as “cats” may become a
“singular cat”when the target language has no final consonant clusters.
1.1.2.4. Graphological Translation
Source language graphology is replaced with equivalent target one without other
considerable replacements
 Example: zero : dêrô
Both phonological and graphological translation must be included in a general

principles which are relevant to all translation.
1.2.1.1. Meaning
The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of original text. Nothing
should be arbitrarily added or moved, though occasionally part of the meaning can
be “transpose”. For example, “he was limp with fatigue” might become “Anh ta mệt
đến độ không đứng lên nổi”
Ask yourself:
1. Is the meaning of original text clear? It not, where does the uncertainly lie?
2. Are there any underlying implications?
 Example: “Correct me if I am wrong” suggests “I know I am right”
3. Is the dictionary meaning of a particular word the most suitable one?
 Example: Might “khả năng” in Vietnamese be “ability” in English in idea like
“Khả năng anh ta đếm được”.
(There are a lot of English words in a dictionary for this meaning: capacity,
ability, possible, possibility, can)
4. Does anything in the translation sound unnatural or forced?
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 Example: a. she did it with the reluctance. Cô ấy làm việc với sự miễn
cưỡng (?)
b. Diplomatic turn  “khúc quẹo” ngoại giao (?)
1.2.1.2. Form
The order of words and ideas in the translation should match that in the original as
closely as possible. This is particularly in the form and order of words. When in doubt,
underline in the original text the words on which the main stress falls. In English,
emphasis or main stress can be obtained through inversion of word order and using
different structures such as No sooner…than…, It is/was…that(who)…., Only by, etc.
 Example: It is the ideal condition of the “equal start” which only our most
progressive forms of modern education try to regain.
 Đó là điều kiện lí tưởng của sự khởi đầu bình đẳng mà chỉ có hình thức giáo
dục hiện đại tiến bộ nhất của chúng ta cố gắng đạt lại. (?)

 Example: On the nail  Chính xác
Get off the ground  Khởi đầu suôn sẻ
1.2.1.6. Style and Clarify
The translator in general should not change the style of the original. But if the
text is sloppily written, or full of tedious repetitions, the translator may, for the
reader’s sake, correct the defects.
 Example: Hãy biết thương, biết yêu lấy đồng loại của của mình!
Let’s love our human fellows!
1.2.2. Methods of Translation
1.2.2.1. Word-for-Word Translation
This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation with the TL (target
language) immediately below the SL (source language) words. The SL word order
is preserved, and the words are translated singly by their most common meanings,
out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of word-for-
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word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the SL or to construct a
difficult text as a pre-translation process.
 Example: Mẹ tròn con vuông.
 Mother round child square.
Honda told to put brakes on new car prices.
 Honda đã bảo để phanh vào/ lên mới xe các giá (?)
1.2.2.2. Literal Translation
The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents,
but the lexical words are again translated singly out of context. As a pre-translation
process this indicates the problem to be solved.
 Example: Bao giờ cho đến tháng Mười. When will October come? (?)
I used to be crazy about her.  Tôi đã từng điên khùng vì cô ấy (?)
1.2.2.3. Faithful Translation
A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of
the original meaning within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It

My thoughts still cling to the mouldering past,
But the hopes of youth fall thick in the blast,
And the days are dark and dreary.
Be still, sad heart, and cease repining;
Behind the clouds is the sun still shining;
Thy fate is the common fate of all,
Into each life some rain must fall,
Some days must be dark and dreary.
H.Longfellow
15
The suggested version:
NGÀY MƯA GIÓ
Ngày lạnh lẽo, tối đen, ảm đạm,
Đầy mưa rơi, gió lùa mây xám.
Bụi nho già còn bám lấy tường xiêu,
Lá vàng rơi trong gió giật, tiêu điều.
Ôi lạnh lẽo, tối đen, ảm đạm.
Đời tôi lạnh, tối đen, ảm đạm,
Đầy mưa rơi, gió lùa mây xám.
Tôi luôn buồn vì quá khứ buồn đau.
Bao ước mơ, tuổi trẻ còn đâu.
Ôi lạnh lẽo, tối đen, ảm đạm.
Hãy nín lặng, tim ta, đừng than thở!
Sau mây mù là mặt trời rực rỡ.
Trong đời người, như đời của muôn người,
Tránh thế nào khỏi mấy hạt mưa rơi,
Phải có ngày tối đen, ảm đạm!
Thái Bá Tân
1.2.2.6. Free Translation
This method reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the

declared, as the first woman to ever
speak from the floor of a national
meeting of The National Education
Association (NEA), “Two ideals are
struggling for supremacy of
commercialism … the other, the ideal of
democracy, the ideal of educators”.
Inviting teachers to organize to protect
the interests of children, workers, and
democracy, Haley exhorted, “It will be
well indeed if the teachers have the
courage of their convictions and face all
that the labor unions have faced with
the same courage and perseverance”.
Delivered in 1904, Harley’s speech
marked the rise of teacher unionism and
the eventual founding of the American
Federation of Teachers (AFT).
2.
1.
Là người phụ nữ đầu tiên từng phát
biểu ở phòng họp hội nghị quốc gia của
Hiệp hội Giáo dục Quốc gia NEA,
trong bài diễn văn của mình với chủ đề
“Tại sao các giáo viên nên tập hợp lại”,
bà Margaret Haley đã tuyên bố rằng:
“Hai quan niệm đang đấu tranh cho ưu
thế về thương mại, một quan niệm của
nền dân chủ, một quan niệm của các
nhà giáo dục”.

paid attention to the power of the
teachers’ unions.
3.
Both teachers’ unions, the AFT and the
NEA, actively participate in national
elections. They work for both
presidential and congressional
candidates.
Năm 1998, nhắc đến chủ nghĩa lí tưởng
Harley, Mary Kimmel đã rất tiếc về
tình trạng ganh đua vẫn tiếp tục giữa
Hội Liên hiệp Giáo dục Quốc gia NEA
và Liên đoàn Giáo viên Mỹ AFT,
“Làm thế nào mà các sinh viên có thể
học tập nếu họ đói và môi trường học
không an toàn? Tôi không biết với tư
cách là những nhà giáo dục chúng ta có
thể chiến đấu như thế nào với kẻ địch
của nền giáo dục cộng đồng nếu chúng
ta cứ tranh đấu lẫn nhau.
Trong lúc vừa cố gắng vượt qua những
khác biệt giữa hai liên hiệp, chúng ta
cũng phải tập hợp các giáo viên lại thành
lập một tổ chức nhằm thực hiện mong
ước của Haley về việc các hiệp hội trở
thành một lực lượng chủ chốt trong nền
giáo dục và đời sống chính trị Mỹ.Thậm
chí ngay cả những nhà hoạt động chính
trị cũng phải lưu tâm đến quyền lực của
các Hiệp hội giáo viên.

này đã tạo sự chia rẽ giữa hai đảng phái
chính trị quốc gia.
Nói chung, những thành viên của Đảng
Cộng Hòa phản đối việc làm của các tổ
chức giáo viên, trong khi đó các thành
viên của Đảng Dân Chủ thì rất khuyến
khích điều đó.Tất nhiên, giống như
những khía cạnh khác của đời sống
chính trị Mỹ, thì những khối liên minh
này ở bang này có thể khác với bang
khác.
4.
Bên cạnh làm việc trong các chiến dịch
bầu cử, cả hai hiệp hội đều có những
người hoạt động hành lang làm việc cả
ngày ở Washington - những người cố
gắng đảm bảo rằng pháp luật liên bang
không ảnh hưởng xấu đến quyền lợi của
giáo viên. Cả hai hiệp hội cũng hỗ trợ tài
chính ở cấp độ nhà nước cho các nhà vận
động hành lang và làm việc cho các ứng
cử viên trong cơ quan lập pháp liên
bang.
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At the local level, teachers’ unions have
increasingly supported and campaigned
for candidates in local school board
elections. The involvement of teachers’
unions in national, state, and local
politics has made them a powerful

Do đó, NEA hạn chế kết nạp hội viên
của họ, theo như trong bản mô tả chính
thức, NEA đã cho biết rằng: “bất cứ ai
làm việc cho các khu vực trường học
công, trường cao đẳng, đại học, hoặc bất
cứ cơ quan nhà nước nào cũng đều đã
đóng góp chính vào nền giáo dục…
NEA cũng có một số ưu đãi thành viên
cho các sinh viên cao đẳng sư phạm sắp
trở thành giáo viên”.
6.
Mặc khác, Liên đoàn Giáo viên Mỹ lại kết
nạp tất cả thành viên bao gồm tất cả nhân
lực giáo dục, giáo viên, nhân lực chính
quyền địa phương, bang và nhân viên y tế.

Trích đoạn VIÊN MỸ (AFT)

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