DAI
H(.)C QUOC (ilA
HA
NOI
TRUONC;
DAI
H(.)C
KHOA
HOC XA
HOI
VA
NHAN
VAN
Nguyin
Quy
Thanh
BU6C OAU NGHllN CUU VE
HANH
VINAO
THAI
NGOAl
HON
NHAN
Chuyen
n^anh
: Xa hoi hoc
Mdso : 5 01
09
LUAN AN THAC SY KHOA HOC XA HOI HOC
[
V^.Xi
m6t
quoc sach, phai
tro
thanh
cu6c
van
d6ng
rong 1cm, manh me
va
s^u
sde
trong toan dan. Tang kinh phi,
phuong
tien, can
be),
dong
thcM thirc
hi6n
dong
bO
cac
bifen
phap
d^'
day
manh
cu6c van dc)ng
sinh de c6
k^'hoach"
.
nhau. Nao thai
ciing
la
mc)t
hien
tuofng
c6
li^n
quan
d6:n
chuong trinh dan so
va
kC
hoach hoa gia dinh duoc
nhi^u
nha dan so hoc, xa hoi hoc, y hoc quan
tam
nghi^n
cihi.
Boi
vi hien
tuong
nao thai c6 tac dong manh
dCn
mUc sinh
ciia
mOt
quoc gia. Nhung mat khac no cung c6 nhung anh huong to
Ion d6n sue
khoe
nhiCu each ti6p
can khac nhau
d^'n
hien
tucmg
nay, nham tim toi mot giai phap
toi uu.
Y
tucVng nghiCn
cuu
ciia
chung toi
\i
hien tucmg nao thai ngoai
hem
nhan
xua't
hien
tir
nam 1993. Khi
tiCn
hanh
nghiCn
cuu
vc^
sinh
vifin,
chung
tc')i tha'y a4
xu
phdn
tick ban ddu
2.
Nhung
nguyen
nhin
cua
viec
mang
thai
ngoai
hOn
rih:ln-_
n.
Ve
viec
nao
thai
n^oai
hOn
nhiln
2.1.
Nhung
yeu
to
xa
hpi
tdc dpng
den
quye'i
nghia
ly luan va thuc tien
ciia
luOn
an 7
3.
Doi
tuong, muc dich va
^la thiet
nghien cuu S
4.
Phuong phap
luOn
va phuong phap he nghien cuu
ve hanh vi nao
thai
ngoai
hOn nhan
!()
5.
Tc^ng
quan nhung nghien cuu hanh
vi
nao
thai
Hizoai
hOn
nhan
i
"^
LC)I
NOI DAU
Bao cao chlnh tri cua Ban
cha'p
hanh Trung
uofng
Dang
cc)ng
san Viet Nam
(Khoa VI), trinh bay tai Dai
h6i
dai
bi^u
toan quoc
Idn
thu VII
viet :"Giam tcSc
do
tang dan so
la m6t
quoc sach, phai
tro
thanh
cucic
van dc)ng rong 1cm, manh me
va
sau sdc
trong toan dan. Tang kinh
phi,
phuong tien, can
Da cc)
rat nhieu nhiJng
nghien
ctJu ve nhiJng
hien tucmg va qua trinh dan s6
khac nhau. Nao thai cung la
mc)t
hien tucmg cc) lien quan den chucmg trinh dan
sc)
va ke hoach hoa gia dinh duoc nhieu nha dan so hoc, xa hoi hoc, y hoc quan
tam nghien
ciJu,
Bai
vi hien tucmg nao thai
cc")
tac dc)ng manh den muc sinh
ciia
mc)t
qucK^
gia. Nhung mat khac no
cilng
cc^
nhung anh hucmg to
Ic'm
den
sue
khoe
ciia
nhung phu nu nao thai noi rieng va boat dc)ng
ciia
c6
xu
hirc'mg tir
do tinh due trong tinh
yeu
da bat
dfiu
xuat hien. Mat khac hien
lucmg
VAn kiOn
Dai
hCti
dai
biCu
loan quoc
lAn thir
VI. NXH
SuthAt.
I
la Noi
1*;91.
uJO
thay
CO
xu hucmg
tir
do tinh
due
trong tinh yeu da bat ddu xuat hien. Mat khac
hien tuong
chung
tcM
da thiet lap mc)t nghien cuu - phan tich
ve
nao thai ngoai
hc^n
nhan
dira
tren ly thuyet nay.
Nhiem vu
ciia
chung
tf^
trong nghien cuu nay la phac thao nhung luan
cu khoa hoc va tren
ecr
scV
dc')
de xuat nhirng giai phap
cc)
the
de'
giam thie'u
hien tucmg nao thai ngoai
hem
nhan.
Viec xac dinh chinh thuc day la de tai
ciia
luan an Thac sT khoa hoc xa
hAi
nhfim
thuc
hien
tcM chii
tructng,
dueVng
leSi ciia
Dang ta.
Nghien cuu cua chung
tr)i khe^^ng the
thanh
ccmg ducrc ne'u
nhu thieu
nhung
ge)p
y quy bau
ciia
giao vien huong
ddn,
ciia
GS Le Thi Nham Tuyet
Giam
deSc
Trung tam nghien cuu
Gioi
- Gia dinh -
Me'^)i
trucmg trcmg phat trie'n
(CGFED), Trung tam nghien cuu Phu
niJ
nhat tc'ti
ho.
Luan an Thac sy xa
h6i hcic ve
de tai
"Bueifc
ddu nghien cuu ve hanh vi
nao thai ngoai
h6n
nhan" ngoai Ldi noi ddu
ccNn
bao
gcSm
:
Chuong 1 :
NhGng
ce^
sa
ly luan cua vice nghien cuu
ve
hanh vi
nao thai ngoai hon nhan.
Chuemg 2 : Nhung
ket
qua va phan
tich
ban ddu.
Ket luan.
Va cac phu
luc
Tinh
cap bach cua van de nghien
cuti.
Kie'm soat
sir
phat trie'n
ciia
dan
scS
la mc)t trong nhirng muc tieu hang
ddu
ciia nude
ta nham dam bao
sir
phat trie'n on dinh
ciia
xa he)i. Viec tu do
hoa nao thai la mot trong cac bien phap
nhdm
tac de)ng
de'n
muc sinh
a nude
ta. Tuy nhien
sir
gia tang manh me
s6 luemg
cac ca nao thai hang nam da lam
cho nhieu nha khoa hoc quan tam den hien tucmg nay phai
len
gay teSn
that
ve
kinh
le
cho xa
he)i va chinh
nhe^m
phu nu nao thai. Mac ddu vay
so
luemg
Idn
phu
nir
nao thai
hang nam vdn tang len. Cuc)c dieu tra nhan khau hoc giua ky nam 1994 cua
TeSng
cu
theSng
ke da cho ta con
se1
la 12,8%
tcSng sc1
phu nu trcmg do
tucSi
sinh
de da tung nao pha thai.
Cc)
me)t nghich ly de quan sat thay la, cang tuyen truyen nhieu
ve
1.336.017
ca nao hut
thai*
Viec cho phep
tir
do nao - pha thai da lam giam dang
ke'
muc sinh
a
Viet
Nam (theo u6c
tinh
thi giam gdn 1/2 muc sinh). Nhung
nhirng
hau qua tam ly,
sinh ly, xa hc)i sau nao thai voi ngucVi phu
n\i
khien chung ta phai quan tam
den viec tim nhung
each
thirc,
nhdm
lam giam
sf)
ca nao thai hang nam nhung
lai
kheing
anh hucVng
de'n
cac muc tieu
dd lucii
20-24 la
16,3%^
tcSng
sc) phu nir trcmg dc) tuoi sinh
de.
Se) phu nir chua sinh ccm nao thai la 14,2%.
Nhii'ng
phu nir
khe^mg chc)ng
nao thai chiu nhirng anh
hucVng
nghiem
trcmg
hem
nhieu
ve
cac mat sue khoe, tinh thdn, sinh ly, xa hoi so
vcVi
nhom
phu nir
cc)
chemg.
BeVi vi ho la nhirng ngucVi thucmg la chua
cc)
ccm. Va ho se
phai sinh ccm trong mot tucmg lai gdn. Khcmg ai dam chdc rang
vice ngueVi
phu
nir nao thai
Nhin chung nao thai la mot
sir lira
chcm bat ddc dT cua ngucVi phu nir.
Vay nhirng
ye'u id
nao
giiip
cho ngucri phu nir
c6 duetc
me)t quyet dinh toi uu.
NcM each
khac nhirng
ngucti
phu nir, dac biet la phu nir khong
chong
chiu su
IVio
cao
ciia IV>
Y
to'lai hCn lh;io vO sire khoe
sinh
s;in.
Il.i
Noi.
H-\')')^.
NguyOn CJuoc TriCu
va cac lac
gi;i
kkhac.
va thuc hien
hanh vi nao thai cua ngueVi phu nu khong
che)ng,
chung ta se tim ra
ductc
nhirng giai phap nham nang cao tinh thdn trach nhiem cua
ngueVi
phu nu
khe'mg
chc)ng
trong viec
lira che^n
hanh vi nao thai. Va dieu nay chdc chdn se ddn den
viec
ge)p
phdn giam (it hay nhieu) ty le nao pha thai
ngcxii hr^n
nhan noi rieng
va ty le nao thai noi chung, ma vdn
khcing
anh
hueVng de'n
cac muc tieu dan sc)
ke'hoach
hoa gia dinh.
Viec nghien ciru
ve
hanh vi nao thai ngoai
hr^n
nhan la
ve
viec mang thai, nao thai ngoai
hem
nhan hay
khc')ng
la
cau
hen dang cdn
IcVi
giai dap.
TTiir
ba phai chang chucmg trinh dan
so
ke
hoach
he^a
gia dinh chua coi nhom phu nir
khc^^ng cheSng
la dc)i tucmg cua
minh, nen men c6 me)t tinh trang nao - pha
thiii
nhu vay.
Thir
tu nhieu phu nir
trt^
da
tc)
ra thieu
nhii'ng
kien
xa hc)i
hcK\
Vice
thu nghiem, tim
tc^i
mot each tiep can moi trong nghien ciru cac
hien tucmg xa hoi, trcmg
dc)
cc')
hien
tucmg nao thai ngoai hon nhan rat cdn
thiet.
NeS
se
geSp
phdn
nhc^
be vao vice giai quyet mot van de ly luan
ciia
xa hoi
hoe.
Nghien
eiiru
hien tucmg nao thai ciia phu nir khong chc)ng tir
gc'^c
do
ciia
ly
thuyet hanh vi.
Noi torn lai viec nghien
nhdm
nghien ciru
ve
hien tucmg nao thai ngoai
hfm
nhan tren
ect
so
ciia
ly thuyet
hanh vi. Noi each khac chiing toi cc) gdng dua ra mot
mc>
hinh
ciia
hanh vi nao
thai ngoai
hc'in
nhan va tren ect
seV dc')
tie'n hanh phan tich cac
ye'u
to va thanh
phdn cua no.
Chung ten hy vcmg
rdng
luan an nay
s.e
la mc)t
dc')ng gcSp nhc)
vao
de
giai quyet hien
tuemg
nao
thai ngoai
hc^^n
nhan, nhung
khc^)ng
anh
huc'mg
den cac muc tieu dan so, gop
phdn hoan thien
hem
cc)ng tac dan
so
ke hoach hoa gia dinh.
Chiing
tc')i
cung hy vong rang ket qua
ciia
luan an nay duoc
diing de
giang day cho cac sinh vien xa hoi hoc va dan so hoc.
8
3.
Ddi
tucmg,
muc dich va gia thiet nghien
cuti.
3.1.
Trong luan an nay chiing
tc'^)i
khcmg hy vong
cc)
the' lam ro tat ca cac van
de,
tra
leVi
tat ca cac
cau hen ve
hien tucmg nao thai nhin tir
gc')c
do xa hoi hoc.
Trong qua trinh quan sat va phan tich hien tucmg, chiing
tc)i
thay rang hanh vi
nao thai ngoai
he')n
nhan la mot van de dang quan tam nghien ciru boi tinh thoi
sir ciia
no. Chinh vi vay chiing
tr)i
da xac dinh ddi tucmg nghien ciru
ciia
minh
la hanh vi nao thai ngoai hon nhan. Hanh vi nay la mot hanh vi xa hoi
bcVi 10
nc')
chiu
sir
- Xac dinh va phan tich mo hinh hanh vi nao thai ngoai
he')n
nhan. Xac
dinh
m6t
so dae
di^m
ca ban cua nh6m phu nir co hanh vi nao thai ngoai
hc>n
nhan.
-
Dijng
cac so lieu
d^
phan tich
ve
cac thanh phdn
ciia mei
hinh nao thai
ngoai
hOn
nhan.
-
Dua ra mc)t
so
ket luan va kie'n nghi tren ca sd cac phan tich nham gop
phdn han
che'
hien tucmg nao thai
nge^ai hcin
tir cac hanh vi mang thai ngoai
hc)n
nhan.
Co nhieu nguyen nhan ddn de'n hanh vi mang thai ngoai hem nhan
nhung ect mot nguyen nhan
cer
ban hem ca la su kem hie'u biet
ve
giao due tinh
due.
Cang it hie'u biet
ve
giao due tinh due cang de c6 nguy ca mang thai
ngoai hem nhan va cang nhieu kha nang nao thai ngoai
hr^n
nhan.
NgucVi phu nir ciing se dua ra quyet dinh nao thai
hem
khi ho hie'u biet
met he), hoac khcmg hie'u biet
ve
hau qua den
veti sire
khoe^
ciia vice
nao thai
ciia
he).
Nguetc
lai khi ho hie'u re') cac hau qua thi
bi ep bue)c thuc hien hanh vi nao
thai.
Sir
ep
bu6c
nay
xua't
phat tir ban tinh, gia dinh, xa he)i Ngay ca trcmg
nhiing
trucmg hop ngucti phu nir tu nhan la
hc^
tu nguyen nao thai, ho vdn chiu
sir
chi phcn cua cac ye'u to cac
sir
kiem che' thuc te. NgucVi phu nir chua co gia
dinh chiu sire ep
ciia
nhiJng ngucVi than xung quanh minh manh hem sire ep
ciia
xa he)i
neVi
chung. Khi sire ep ciia xa he)i de'n nhung ngueVi nay
phii
herp veVi y
kie'n ciia
nhiing
ngUeVi than thi ho de dang hem trong vice tuan
thii
theo
ceV ngucin gc^c sau
xa tir nhung thi nghiem
ve
phan irng
ccV
dieu kien
ciia
nha sinh ly hoc vT dai ngueVi Nga
PaplcSp.
Nhirng y tucmg
ciia
PapleSp
trong cac thi nghiem nay da
duetc
mot nha khoa he)c ngUcVi My la
Skinner
diing
trong nhung nghien ciru tam ly hoc. Net can ban cua ly thuyet
hanh vi
thiia
ban ddu la neV
chi
thira nhan
vice
nghien ciru tam ly ce)n ngUeVi
thcmg qua
nhii'ng
bie'u hien hanh vi ben nge)ai (nhirng cai
ceV the
quan sal
hanh vi
ciia
ca nhan.
Nhu
vay
luc nay khai niem hanh vi duetc hie'u bao
gc)m
toan bo nhirng
bie'u hien
cc)
the' quan sat ductc ct ben
ngc^ai
men ca nhan.
Ly thuyet hanh vi co anh huetng
cue
ky to
letn
de'n
sir
phat trie'n
ciia
tam
ly hoc noi rieng va
nen
khoa
hc^c ve
con ngUeVi tai My noi chung. Y tucmg
nghien ciru
ve
nhiing khia canh
bien trung gian (intervening variables). Khai niem nay nham
chi
me)t tap hctp
cac
yeu id
nhan thirc va kich dc)ng, va
meV
hinh meti ciia Tolman duetc
the
hien
nhu sau :
S
—>
intervening
-^
R
variables
Luc ddu Tolman chia cac ye'u
id
trung gian lam 2
loai.
Cac nhu cdu sinh ly va
cac ye'u
id
nhan thirc. Nhung sau
dcV
(1951) Tolman lai chia thanh 3 nheVm gc)m
: he theV'ng nhu cdu, he thcV'ng gia tri, tinh hue)ng thuc hien hanh vi.
I'ir
diOn
doi ehie'u,
can
nhdc
tru6c
cac tac nhan moi khi dua ra me)t phan irng, mc)t
quyet dinh.
Nhu
vay
de'n Tolman khai niem hanh vi da phong
phii
va phirc tap hctn,
no kh6ng
chi
c6 cac tac nhan (ben ngoai) va cac phan irng (ben ngoai) ma
ngucti ta da neVi de'n nhiing nhan to ben trong
ceV
anh huetng den
qiia
trinh phan
irng.
Ly thuyet hanh vi, dac biet la ly thuyet hanh vi meti
(Nee^behaviori/m
)
ductc su dung kha re)ng rai trong xa hc)i hoc. Me)t trong nhiing irng dung ly
thuyet hanh vi meti vao xa hc)i
hcK
thanh
ceding
nhat la ciia nha xa hoi he)c, tam
ly hoc xa he)i nen tie'ng ngucti My la G.Mead.Ong da cc) gdng xem xet, phan
linh
hc^at,
khong mc)t phdn nao
ciia chinh the
nay ceV the' duetc phan tich thuc hien ductc mot each de)c lap
"G.
Mead,
Sell
and Sociaty Chicago 1939 Mead G). De'n day chiing la thay rang kheVng the
hieu hanh vi detn gian nhu la mot
sir
phan irng deVi veti me)t tac nhan ma phai
hie'u
deV
la Me)t chinh the linh boat bao ge)m cac ye'u te) ben trong va cac bie'u
hien ben ngoai ceV quan he hun
ect
veti nhau.
NeVi each
khac deV chinh la su
13
tuong tae eua eae ea nhan hoac nh6m veti moi trueVng (nghTa rong) xung
quanh, va duoc thue hien
nho
vao tinh tich
cue
ben ngoai (mat van
dc^ng)
va
tinh tich cue
anh huong den viec ra quyet dinh nao thai cua ho. NhUng yeu to xa hoi
do
CO
the
Id
tdc dong cua gia
dinh,
han
he,
ngu&i
yeu,
ngu&i
tinh du luan xa
hoiy
cdc kiem sodt xa hoi vd thuc
te
v.v
CeVn
hanh vi nao thai ngoai hcVn nhan do la hdnh vi nao thai cua
ngu&i
phu nit khong co chong.
4.2.
Me')
hinh phan tich hanh vi nao thai ngoai he)n nhan.
Tren ect set phan tich
ve
mot mo hinh hanh vi noi chung
a
tren, chung ta
cd gdng
nay ket tu trcmg y thirc meVi ngucti nay va tae) ra cac nhan
id
trung gian. Cac
14
nhan t6 trung gian nay se suy xet :
nen
hay khong
nen
nao thai ? Ban be
neVi
gi
Gia dinh suy nghT gi ? NgucVi yeu co y kie'n gi ? Nao thi co
Icti
gi 7 v.v Tom h
no dua ra
rat nhi^u
nhan xet, phan quyet nhung cuen ciing phai ra duetc mc)t
quy^
dinh nao hay
kh6ng
nao.
Khi da ra ductc me)t quyet dinh nao (hoac bi ep bue)c ra quyet dinh)
tl
phan
ijrng
quan sat ductc ciia ngucVi nao thai ngoai
he^n
nhan la viec ho di nao
iha]
Nhu
heVn nhan
I—•
NgucVi phu nir
va vice nao thai
ngoai heVn nhan
Cac yeu le) trung gian
lac dc)ng den qua trinh
ra quyet dinh nao thai :
Xa he)i, cac tie'u
mOi
trucmg xa hc)i va cac
kie'm soat thuc te
Thuc
te
trong ly thuyet hanh vi
mcM
tac nhan
S]
deu
ceV
the la mot phan irn
ciia
me)t tac nhan
S^>
khac. NeVi
each
khac mot tac nhan S hay
mr)t
phan irng R vii
dc)ng
tinh
due,
v.v
Tat nhien viec mang thai ngoai hon nhan co the' ddn de'n mc)t hien tucmg
khac do la sinh con ngoai gia
thii,
rat
phd
bie'n
cV
cac nuctc phuetng Tay. Tuy
nhien trcmg luan van nay do nhieu ly do chung
te^)i
chi gicti han
eV
viec phan tich
hanh vi nao thai ngoai
he)n
nhan.
Theo G. Mead thi men hanh vi
ciia
con ngUeVi vdn la mc)t hanh vi xa he)i,
do do hanh vi nao thai ncVi chung va hanh vi nao thai ngoai heVn nhan ncVi rieng
ciing la hanh vi xa
h6i.
Va de' nghien ciru co hieu qua ve hanh vi nay thi phai
nghien ciru no trong mat chinh the' thc)ng nhat.
Tire
la hien tucmg nae) thai
kheVng the' nghien ciru tach
ciia
ngueVi phu
nir khcmg
ccV
chc)ng.
4.
QTc
khia canh
ciia
thuc trang nao thai nge)ai heVn nhan.
Vice
lam
re')
cac cum
van
de quan trong
giiip
chiing ta xac dinh duetc
he
phuetng phap cu the
phii
hctp cho de tai.
16
3.
Xae dinh he phucmg phap cu the' trcmg nghien ciru ve hanh vi nao thai
ngoai h5n nhan.
D6'i veti nhiJng nguoi
phu n\i Viet Nam khong che)ng di nao thai thi day
khdng
phai la de tai co the' trao den de dang va thoai mai ductc. Do do trong
te
thi
Iran
NghTa Tan
Tir Liem.
NheVm thir hai thu thap thcVng tin tir ban be than thiet da tirng nae) thai
hoac ceV ban gai da tirng nao thai.
TcSng
se) da phemg van, treV
chuyen
129 phu
nir da nao thai, trcmg
deV ceV
33 phu nir kheVng
ceV
che)ng.
Mot hue'mg thu thap theVng tin khac nira
deV
la phan tich cac tai lieu theVng
ke va cac
seV'
lieu
ve
nao thai da ceV. Do la cac se) lieu
ve
nao thai et Ha Ne)i,
eV
Thai Binh, Quang Ninh, thanh phd
Hd
Chi Minh va tinh hinh nao thai mot se)
lucmg
bdng may tinh
va thu
cAng,
nhu eae phong va'n tir ben trong co chuong trinh, cac trung cdu y
kie'n bdng bang tu ghi,
phe^ng
va'n nhanh, xu ly lai cac se) lieu da co v.v Cac
cu()c
trcV truyen, tam tinh quan sat, me)t set tai lieu duetc xu ly
chii
ye'u thee)
phuetng phap dinh tinh, nhdm ndm duetc xu huetng, quan he va ban chat cac se)
lieu.
Qua trinh thu thap thcmg tin phuc vu cho de tai chinh thirc bdt ddu tir
thang 5/1995 ke't
thiic
thang 8/1995. Qua trinh xu ly va phan tich seV'
lieu
ductc
tie'n hanh gen ddu. Hai qua trinh nay ket thuc
15/9/1995.
5.
long
quan
nhiimg
nghien
ciiru
hanh vi nao thai ngoai hon nhan.
VeVi nhiJng tai lieu
ve
hanh vi nae) thai nge)ai heVn nhan tren
the
gicti.
1.1. Ve hanh vi mang thai ngoai heVn nhan.
Vice mang thai ngoai
he)n
nhan la hien tuemg rat pheS bie'n
a
cac nuetc
phuetng Tay nhu My,
Dire,
Phap v.v TheVng thuctng ceV hai khuynh huetng
trong nhiing
ngueVi
mang thai ngoai hcVn nhan - Thir nhat dcV la sinh ce)n ngoai
gia
thii.
TTieo
teV TheVi bao Los Angeles thi
ceV
teVi mc)t phdn tu se) tre sinh ra d
My,
rneVt
phdn ba ct Phap va me)t
nira
ct
TTiuy
Dien va Dan Mach la con sinh ra
nge)ai heVn nhan .
).
Trong nhung phu
nii'
mang thai ngoai hctn nhan thi
set
ngucti
tre iu6i va thanh thie'u nien chie'm da
sd.
Do vay chiing ta se tap trung phan
tich
ve
hanh vi mang thai ngoai hon nhan ciia thie'u nir.
Sir
tructng thanh setm
ve
mat sinh ly, deti
semg
kha hctn nhiing quan
die'm giai phcVng trcmg vdn de tinh
due
da khie'n cho cac thie'u nir My boat
dOng
tinh due setm hctn. David Bender va Bruno Lecme trong
Icti
gicti thieu
cue)n "Tinh due thanh thie'u nien" (Teenage sexuality xuat ban nam 1994
taiMy) da dua ra cac sd lieu cho tha'y ty le thie'u nir tham gia boat de)ng tinh
due trueVc
he'^n
nhan tai My nam 1970 la
la hdu nhu
tat ca thanh thieu nien (My) deu chia se cam giac ddy tu tin vao sire manh
ciia
ban than. DeVi veti ho vice ceV thai la mc)t cai gi deV xa veti chir kheVng
phai la mc)t ket qua leVgic
ciia
boat
deVng
tinh
due.
Chinh vi vay thee) nha
ccVng tac xa hc)i bang Virginia
Cartoof
"Ho kheVng cdn biet den cac giai de)an
sau
ciia cudc
seV'ng. Ho se)ng vi theVi die'm
hien
tai". NeVi
each
khac he) seVng
David
IHender
and
Hruno
Leone. Teenage
se\u;ility.
e'opyrighl
1*'*M
hv ( neenh.tven
ra
m6t
nguyen cet quan
trc)ng ciia
viec co thai ngoai hon nhan. Theo tac
gia
sir
tan vet
ciia
cac gia dinh la nguyen nhan thuc ddy viec cac thie'u nir
mang thai ngoai
he^n
nhan
.Su
tan vd
ciia
cac gia dinh hat nhan tao ra me)t
the'he
thanh thie'u nien phi luan ly va thie'u
sir
chi ddn cua cha me. Nhiing
thieu
nQ
dang nay de mang hoang thai va
ceV
the' lai sinh ra nhiing dira
tre*
ma sau nay
IcVn
len lai lap lai cac veVng deti ma me
khoc^
sinh san
DHTH California, cho rang cac phu nir
tre^
it'treVng cheV
vao
vice
hoc hanh
cua ho ducmg nhu de ceV thai hctn nhirng ngueVi phu nir tin rang
vice
he) ket
thiic
Trung hoc va Dai hoc
si^
ceV
Icti
che) ho
.Tire
la
neu
ngUeVi phu
ntf
tre
Sdd,
I
rang 53.
"
Sdd. (rang 58.
Sdd, Irang
63
Mc)t nghien ciru khac
ve
cac phu niJ 20 tudi chua
ceV
che)ng, ceV thai va
bc) hoc cho tha'y rang
61%^
cac thai nghen xay ra sau khi ho be') hoc .
Cac tac gia ke' tren thucmg chi
neu
ra cac nguyen nhan detn le
ciia
vice
mang thai ngoai heVn nhan. Khac veti ho 2 tac gia Lawanda Rave)ira va
Andrew L. Cherry khang dinh rang hang loat cac
yeu
te) dong theVi tac de)ng
den vice mang thai
ciia
cac thie'u nir chua chong. Nhirng
yCu
te) nay gdm :
1.
Nhirng va'n de
cV
tructng hoc.
2.
Vi the kinh te va chiing toe.
3.
Tudi bdt dau sinh boat tinh due.
thai
cua cac
ceV gai
rrang
(>5.
Sdd.Irang
77.
21
Khi so sanh eae dae trung van hoa - xa hc)i
ciia
nhcVm thanh nir mang
thai ngoai
h6n
nhan
veti
nhom thanh n\i kheVng mang thai trong ciing mot
viing
tai Santiago, Chi Le cac nha nghien ciru M. Alvarez, R. Burrows,
A. Vaighat, va S. Muzzo da tha'y rdng cac thanh nir mang thai ngoai heVn
nhan
CO
ket qua
hcte
tap tai trueVng va he se)
IQ
thap hctn so veti nheVm kheVng
mang
thai
.
Viec phan tich me)t each
S. Henshaw cho rang xu hueVng tu
do
hoa nao thai bang luat phap
dang tie'p tuc tren
the
gicti. Tir 1986 de'n 1990 da co them cac nueVc Canada,
Czechoslovakia, Hi
Liip,
Hungary, Rumani, Lien XcV (cu), Viet Nam da cho
phep nao thai chinh thirc, theo cac mirc de) tu de) khac nhau. De'n nam
1990
ce')
4(y/(>
dan scV the'gieVi scVng trong cac queV'c gia cho phep nao thai
theo
yeu
S<ld.
irang 77.
'
Slanlev^
Henshaw. Induced
Abortron;
A world Review,
1*^*){)
22
cdu ciia phu
nO",
va 25% song trong cac
qude
gia chi cho phep nao thai ne'u
Luat phap
ciia
cac nucVc tren khap
the
gicti dieu chinh hanh vi nae)
thai
ciia
ngucti phu
nU
noi chung trai dai tren mot true veti 1 cue la ca'm gdn
nhu hoan toan
vice
nao thai va cue kia coi nao thai nhu la quyen
ciia
ngueVi
phu nQ mang thai. DeV'i veti cac
queVe
gia va
Ifinh
thd ceV tren 1 trieu dan va
CO
luat phap cho phep nao thai theo tirng mirc dc) khac nhau, thee) S.
Henshaw co the' chia vao 4 nhom letn.
Nhom 1 : 53 qude gia
veti 25%>
dan sc)
the'gicti
reti vao nhom
gieVi
ban
thai theo cac chi dinh xa hoi hoac y-xa hoi.
Tire
la ngUeVi phu nir co
the
nao
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