BO
GIAO
DUG VA DAO TAO
DAI HOC QUOC
GIA
HA
NOI
TRl/dNG
DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN
NGUYEN KHAC DUG
NGUYEN NHAN PHAT
TRIEN
DAO TIN LANH TRONG
DONG BAO DAN TOC
H'MONG
6
MOT
SO
TINH
MIEN
NUI PHIA
BAG
Nl/6C
TA
HIEN
NAY VA
BIEN
PHAP
KHAC PHUC MAT
TIEU ClTC
CUA NO

nghia tu ban : CNTB
Ha noi : HN
Nha xuat ban : NXB
MUC LUC
Trang
Ma
dau
1
Chuang
1
Su*
phat trien dao Tin
lanh
trong dong bao dan toe H'mong
a
mot so
tinh
mien nui phia
Bac nude
ta va nguyen nhan 6
cua no
1.1.
Sir
phat trien dao Tin ianh
d
Viet Nam va d mot
so tinh
mien nui phia Bac
nude
ta 6

song kinh te-xa hoi kho khan 21
1.2.2.
Tif
van de truyen dao va am muu
Igi
dung dao Tin lanh
25
eua eae the
lire thij dich
1.2.3.
Tix
dac diem
lieh
su va van hoa cua dan toe H'mong
31
1.2.4.
Su yen kem ciia he thong chinh tri lam cong lac ton giao
4\
Chuong
2
Nhfing
bien phap khac phuc mat tieu
circ ciia
dao Tin lanh
trong dong bao dan
toe
H'mong
d
mot so
tinh

AQ
2.1.2. Ton trong va bao dam
quydn tii
do tin nguong va khong
tin nguong cua nhan dan, dong
thdi
chong
Igi
dung ton giao
r-j
2.1.3.
Can phan biet mat chinh tri va tu
tuong
trong viec doi
xir
v6i
ton giao
^A
2.1.4.
Co quan diem lich
sir
CLI
the khi giai quyet van
dt
ton
gi^°
55
2.2.
Mot
so

Danh muc tai lieu tham khao
76
M6DAU
1.
Tinh
cap thiet cua de tai
Ton giao la mot van de
phiic
tap, nhay cam va c6 lich su ton tai
lau
ddi. Da
CO
thdi
ky
ngucfi
ta cho
r^ng
ton giao se chet di ciing
v6i
su phat trien ciia khoa
hoc ky thuat, nhung thuc te
lai
khac. Ben canh su phat trien manh me cua khoa
hoc va cong nghe, trong vai thap ky gan day ton giao dang c6 xu
hudng
phat trien
trd
lai
6
mot so khu vuc. Su phat trien

nu6c
ta trong
nhixng
nam gan day,
ciing
v6i su doi m6i sau
sdc
tren moi
linh
vuc ciia dcri song xa hoi,
dM
song ton giao, tin nguong cung phat trien. Co
the nhan thay bieu hien cua no,
trudc
het la su gia tang boat dong
ciia
cac ton
giao,
ciia cac tin d6 cac ton giao va nhan dan noi chung, gia tang cua cac hinh
thiic
nghi
11
ton giao, tang cucmg tu tao, xay cat co so vat chat ton giao, tin
nguong Nhung su thay d6i do trong doi song tinh than xa hoi la su phan anh
nhu can tam linh, nhu
c^u
ton giao
ciia
quan
chiing

dung de thuc hien am
muu chong pha
each
mang
nu6c
ta,
tijr
do tao ra nhung vu viec
phiic
tap trong mot
so ton giao, trong do co dao Tin lanh.
Dao tin lanh la mot ton giao
16n
tren the gidi. Mac
dia mdi
vao Viet Nam
khoang 100 nam, nhung da phat trien manh tren mot dien rong trong ca
nu6c.
Dac biet su phat tren khong binh
thucmg
cua ton giao nay
d
cac
tinh mi6n niii
phia
Bdc nude
ta trong
thdi
gian
g^n

gid
het
vSn
la nhung van de thdi su, mang tinh cap thiet ca
ve ly
lu£in
va thuc
tiln.
Dua tren ca sd do, toi da manh dan
lua
chon van
d6
tren day lam
d6
tai luan
van thac sy triet hoc ciia minh.
2.
Tinh
hinh nghien
ciili
de tai
Trong thdi gian qua d
nude
ta da cd rat nhieu cong trinh nghien
cuxi \6
dao tin
lanh, ke ca
nhiing
cong trinh nghien
cixu

chinh tri: Mot sd hieu biet ve ton giao ton giao d Viet nam, NXB Quan doi
nhan dan, H. 1993, tr 165;
"Tim
hieu nhung he qua cua viec truyen giao tin lanh
ddi vdi van hoa truyen thong va tin
ngudng
ton giao Viet nam"-
Nguy6n
Xuan
2
Hiing,
T/C Nghien
ciiu
ton giao, Sd
1-2000,
tr
45;
"Budc dau tim hieu anh hudng
ciia dao tin lanh ddi vdi van hoa
truydn
thong d
viing
dong bao H'mong huyen
B^c
Ha"- Vi Hoang
B^e,
T/C Dan toe hoc, Sd
1-1997,
tr 42; "Su phat trien cua
dao tin lanh trong vung dong bao dan toe it ngudi d mot sd tinh

lanh" d
viang
dong bao
H'mong phia
Bdc nude
ta" - Dang Van Hudng, luan van thac sy khoa hgc ton
7
giao,
H
2001;
" Anh hudng cua dao Vang
Chii-Tin
lanh ddi vdi dong bao dan tgc
Hmong d Ha Giang hien nay" - D6 Ky Hgp, luan van thac sy khoa hgc ton giao,
H 2001; " Qua trinh xam nhap va anh hudng cua dao Tin lanh d mot sd vung
dong bao Hmong tinh Son La-thuc trang va giai phap - Le Dinh Nghla, luan van
thac sy khoa hgc ton giao, H
2001

Nhin chung,
nhiing
cong trinh nghien
ciJu
tren day da neu len dugc nhiing
noi dung ca ban ve dao Tin lanh va dao Tin lanh d Viet Nam. Han niia, cac ket
qua nghien
ciiu
dd da
d6
cap tuang ddi sau ve thuc trang phat trien

ciiu.
3.
Muc dich, nhiem vu va pham vi nghien
cuii
cua luan van
* Muc dich
Tim
hieu nguyen nhan phat trien cua dao Tin lanh va nhiing bien phap
chii
yeu
nh^m
khac phuc anh hudng tieu cue cua nd trong viing dong bao dan tgc
H'mong d mot sd tinh
mi6n niii
phia Bac
nude
ta.
*
Nhiem vu
- Trinh bay khai quat
v6
dao Tin lanh d Viet Nam va tinh hinh phat trien cua
dao Tin lanh d mot sd
tinh
mien
niii
phia Bac
nude
ta; anh hudng
ciia

dan tgc H'mong d mot sd tinh mien
niii
phia Bac nude ta va nhixng bien phap chu
yeu nham khac phuc mat tieu cue ciia nd.
4.
Ca sd ly luan va
phuong
phap nghien
cihi
* Ca sd ly luan
- Quan diem
ciia
chii nghia Mac-Lenin va tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve ton giao;
chii truang, chinh sach ciia dang va nha
nude
ta ve ton giao.
- Ke
thufa
va phat trien nhiing cong trinh nghien
euru
da dugc cong bd cd lien
quan den de tai luan van.
*
Phuang phap nghien
ciiu
De tai dugc thuc hien chii yeu dua tren cac phuang phap duy vat bien chiing
va duy vat lich six. Ngoai ra con
sir
dung mot sd phuang phap cu the khac, nhu
phuang phap khai quat hoa, triiu tugng hoa, phuang phap lich six-logic, phuang

NGUYEN NHAN CUA NO
1.1.
Sir
PHAT TRIEN DAO TIN LANH 6 VIET NAM VA
6
MOT
SO TINH MIEN NUI PHIA
BAC
NU^dC
TA
1.1.1.
Sir
phat trien dao Tin lanh d Viet Nam
Dao Tin lanh la mot ton giao ra ddi d chau Au the ky XVI trong cugc cai
each
ton giao,
gan
lien vdi nhixng nhan vat tieu bieu la Martin Luther va Jean Calvin.
Hien nay dao Tin lanh la mot ton giao quoc te
Idn thii
ba tren the gidi(sau Cong
giao va Hoi giao), cd mat d hau het cac khu vuc tren the gidi, trong dd tap trung
chii yeu d cac nude cong nghiep phat trien.
Ngay tii cudi the ky XIX, nhiing nha
truydn
giao cua to
chiic
Lien hiep Phuc
dm va Truyen giao (CMA) da chu y den Viet nam va khu
vixc

Nam 1932, CMA truyen giao Tin lanh len viing dan tgc thieu sd d Tay nguyen.
6
Nam 1933 giao hoi Ca ddc phuc lam vao
truy6n
giao. Den nam 1945 ca nude cd
khoang 40 000 tin dd. Nam 1954 cd 60 000
tin
do, khoang 80 muc su, tru sd
chung dat d sau chg Hang Da (ngay nay la sd 2 Ngo Tram), Ha Noi.
Sau hiep dinh Geneve (1954), dao Tin lanh d hai
mi6n
cd
six
khac nhau.
O
mi^n
Bac sd dong tin dd va muc su
chay
vao Nam, ca quan Tong lien hoi cung
chuyen vao Sai Gdn, chi con lai nam nghin tin dd va muai muc su, giang su. Nam
1955,
nhixng tin dd, giao sy
edn
lai d
mi6n
Bac da lap ra mot to chiic rieng la Hoi
thanh Tin lanh Viet nam (
Mi6n
Bac ), vdi dudng hudng
vira

thiic
md dai hoi tai Sai Gdn, nhanh chong hoan chinh to
chiic ba cap: tong lien hoi, cac dia hat, cac chi hoi ca sd. Cac ca sd dao tao giao
sy dugc ciing cd va md rgng. Trudng kinh thanh Da NSng dugc chuyen vao Nha
Trang, nang len thanh cap dai hgc vdi ten ggi mdi
la
" Thanh kinh than hgc vien";
md them hai trudng thanh kinh d Da
lat
va Buon Ma Thugt chuyen dao tao muc
su va giang su ngudi Thugng (Tay nguyen va Nam Trudng San).
Day cung la
liic
cac giao hoi Tin lanh khac nhau d My tich cue sang Viet
Nam phat trien chi nhanh.
Cimg
vdi cac he phai CMA, Ca ddc phuc lam, cdn cd
ban hai muai giao hoi khac ciia Tin lanh, chii yeu la eua My vao truyen giao. Dd
la cac he phai nhu Bap-tit, Trudng
lao,
Ngu tuan, Chiing nhan Gie-ho-va, Men-
no-nai, Quay-ca, Hoan cau Khai tugng (Worid Vision), Thanh kinh hoi, Vien
ngon ngii
miia
he, Ca quan xa hoi Tin lanh chau A, Tin lanh Phap, Tin lanh Han
Quoc
Den nam 1975, Hoi thanh Tin lanh mien Nam phat trien thanh mot to chiic
Idn
nhat vdi khoang 250 nghin tin dd, 800 muc su va truyen dao, 7 dia hat vdi
ban 400 chi hoi, 500 nha tbd.

niii
phia Bac nude ta la dao Tin lanh hay dao Vang
Chif
van
cd
nhieu
y kien khac nhau.
Theo chiing toi, khi mdi vao viing ddng bao H'mong thi ton giao nay dugc
ggi vdi ten Vang
Chit
vi nd gan bd mat thiet vdi tin
ngudng truyln
thdng
ciia
ddng bao. Nhung cang ve sau thi noi dung Tin lanh cang bieu bien ro ret, ve ddi
tugng ton thd, ve kinh thanh, nghi
li
cua dao Tin lanh Dieu dd cd nghia la, ve
ban chat "Vang
Chii"
chinh la Tin lanh. Vi vay trong luan van nay chiing toi
manh dan ggi ten la dao Tin lanh,
diing
nhu quan diem
ciia
Dang ta ve van de
nay trong ke
boach
184B(1999), thong bao
255/TW(1999),

Philipin) va
Idi
tuyen truyen ciia nhiing ngudi di
buon tir Yen Bai den, nen Hu da cung bai ngudi H'mong d day sang nha thd
Tram Tau(Yen Bai) gap
Siing Bla
Gidng de hgc "Cach ciing mdi". Gidng da day
hg hat thanh ca, dgc kinh thanh bang chii H'mong La tinh, cac nghi le hanh dao
va cung cap mot sd tranh anh
chiia
Gie su Sau khi trd ve 15 ngay, Hu bd ban
thd to tien, treo anh chiia va dgc kinh theo hudng
dSn
ciia nha thd. Thang 5-1986,
Hu da van dong dugc trudng ban ddng y cho truyen dao trong dan ban va da cd
8/17 bg trong ban tin theo, cudi nam 1986 len den 16/17 hg, va bat dau
Ian
ra cac
ban H'mong trong toan xa.
Tii San La, dao Vang
Cbii
phat trien sang cac xa
ciia
huyen Dien Bien-Lai
Chau. O cac xa nay cd
183
hg theo Vang
Chii.
Nhirng
ke cam dau den truyen dao

- Luc
lugng
truyen dao
Igi
dung
six
ban che ve nhan thiic,
six
me tin ciia ddng
bao de truyen dao. Hg bia dat ra nhung cau truyen hoang dudng, thong qua
truyen mieng gay tam ly hoang mang, lo sg
ciia
ddng bao de tap hgp quan chiing
phat trien tin dd. Noi dung truyen dao d giai doan nay xung quanh ngudn tin: den
nam 2000 trai dat se no tung, trdi se sap va mgi ngudi se chet.
Liic
dd ne'u ai theo
Vang
Chii
thi se dugc
ciiu
sdng vi cd canh bay dugc len trdi, cdn ai khong theo se
bi chet bet.
6
tren trdi ngudi theo Vang
Chii
se dugc sdng sung sudng, khong lam
ciing cd an va chet rdi se sdng lai. Chiing cdn ndi: Khi nao vua sap ra, tai ca
khong ai dugc ra khdi nha, phai chuan bi mang
quSn

Nhiing ngudi truyen dao Tin lanh d giai doan nay viXa cong khai, lai viia bi
mat, Chiing truyen dao bi mat cho ba con, giii kin ddi vdi can bg, nhat la can bg
xa, huyen. Chiing truyen dao cong khai thudng vao ban dem, tir 9 gid den 1-2 gid
sang.
Thu doan truyen dao la, mot sd ngudi cam dau to chiic nghe chuang trinh phat
thanh
ciia
dai FEBC rdi ghi am, sau dd di tdi cac ban md cho nhieu ngudi nghe,
ket hop vdi truyen mieng, tung tin lira bip, de doa lam cho nhan dan nua tin nua
ngd nen nhieu ngudi do sg ma theo.
Giai doan
thu:
hai,
1988-1991:
Dac diem chinh ciia giai doan nay la
six
phat
trien cua dao Tin lanh
Ian
rgng ra d hau bet cac tinh mien
niii
phia Bac, ddng
10
thdi xay ra tinh trang ddng bao khiing hoang niem tin va tim den nha thd Cong
giao.
Nam 1988, dao Vang
Chii
tiep tuc dugc truyen vao hai xa Ang Ta va Mudng
Thin ciia huyen Tuan Giao-Lai Chau. Tiep dd nam 1989, dao nay phat trien rat
nhanh, cung mot

dau ngudi H'mong dugc nghe tuyen truyen Vang
Chii
qua dai FEBC, va
sau dd dugc mot sd ngudi H'mong tii Ha Giang den tuyen truyen, trong sd dd cd
Sung Seo Pao. Pao da de'n chai nha anh re la Giang Seo Cau(Bao Yen-Lao Cai),
tai day Pao da tuyen truyen ve Vang
Chii
va tap hgp dugc mot sd ddi tugng khac
nhu Hoang Te'ch Giao,
Lii
Seo Gidng,
Lii
Seo Chau de tuyen truyen Vang
Chii
sang cac viing xung quanh. Chi trong mot thdi gian ngan da cd gan 2000 hg,
khoang 6000 ngudi H'mong dang ky theo Vang
Chii
[9].
Tir
nam
1991,
do cd
six
hudng dan
giiip
dd
ciia
giao hoi Cong giao, cac ddi tugng di truyen dao da cong
khai tuyen truyen, loi keo ngudi H'mong di theo "con dudng
mdi"(thixc

rgng ra nhieu xa cua cac huyen Bac Quang, Hoang Su Phi, Xin
Man.
Cung nhu d mot sd tinh khac, dao Tin lanh xuat hien d Yen Bai vao cudi
nam 1989, dau nhiing nam 1990 do
six
du nhap dao tii tinh Lao Cai.
Six
du nhap
dd gan lien vdi qua trinh di dich cu dan
ciia
ngudi H'mong theo dao Tin lanh d
huyen Bao Yen-Lao Cai den xa Lang Thip va Chau Que' Thugng thugc huyen
Van
Yen-Yen
Bai. Khi mdi den Van Yen hg khai bao la theo dao Cong giao,
nhixng de'n nam 1992 hg lam don xin theo dao Tin lanh va cix dai dien xudng Hoi
thanh Tin lanh mien Bac xin kinh sach, bang ghi am va hgc dao.
Dac diem chii ye'u ciia giai doan nay la :
- Viec truyen dao Vang
Chii
gan vdi cac hien tugng thien tai xay ra vao thdi
diem nay, ciing vdi truyen thdng "Vua ra", "ddn vua" ciia ngudi H'mong. Nam
1990,
d thi xa Lai Chau va huyen Mudng Lay da xay ra mot tran lii dng; nam
1991,
tai thi xa Son La, huyen Mai San, Mudng La, Song Ma (San La) da xay ra
tran
lu
quet lich
six,

Six
chuyen hudng nay cd lien
quan den viec da cd nhieu ngudi chuan bi cac hoat dong chd ddn Vang
Chii,
song
thuc te da lau khong thay xay ra. Do dd, mot sd ngudi chu dong tim den cac nha
tbd d Tan Chau (Bac Quang), Yen Bai, San Tay de bdi
ve
chiia Gie su, ve dao Ki
to,
nghia la hg xin theo dao va mudn hgc dao nay.
Vdi quan niem
vl
dao Cong giao thdng qua hgc bdi va it nhieu cd
six
tim
hieu ve chinh sach ton giao cua dang va nha
nude
ta, ngudi dan da viet dan, den
gap chinh quyen xin theo dao Cong giao. Tuy nhien, da sd cac nha thd Cong giao
chua chii dong ddn nhan.
Tuy hinh thiic chuyen sang Cong giao, song d giai doan nay, thuc chat
tir
tu
tudng den
each
lam
ciia
nhiing ngudi theo dao
van chii

dan xin gia nhap dao Tin lanh,
ciing mot sd tai lieu, bang cat-xet tuyen truyen dao. Sau khi trd ve, hg cung vdi
nhiing phan tir tich
cue
khac da van dong ddng bao trudc day ngg nhan theo dao
Cong giao chuyen sang theo dao Tin lanh. Thang 3-1993, 10 nhan vat ngudi
Hmong khac lai ve sd
2-Ng6
Tram-Ha noi de hgc dao, Thang 2-1995, mot nhdm
7 ngudi do Vang A Vu(trudng dao d Mudng La) cam dau di xudng Ha noi de hgc
dao.
Thao Ba Hu da trd ve cac huyen Song Ma, Mai San, Thuan Chau va Mudng
La tuyen truyen phat trien dao. Tai sd
2-Ng6
Tram, cac "phan tix truyen dao" da
dugc muc su Bui Hoanh
Thir,
giang su Au Quang Vinh true tiep giang day, va
cung cap tai lieu, kinh sach
ve
dao Tin lanh. Theo sd lieu ciia Ban Dan van-Dan
tgc tinh uy, sd ngudi Hmong theo dao d mot sd thdi diem ciia giai doan nay nhu
sau :
Nam 1993 : cd 279 hg, 2005 ngudi d 26 ban, 12 xa, 5 huyen
Nam
1996
: cd
371
hg, 3022 ngudi d 57 ban, 24 xa, 7 huyen
Nam 1999 : cd 523 hg, 3719 ngudi d 77 ban, 28 xa, 7 huyen

van
tiep tuc phat trien d
mot sd xa
ciia
9/10 huyen thi
ciia
tinh Ha Giang.
Six
phat trien
ciia
dao Tin lanh d Yen Bai cung dien ra tuang ddi nhanh chdng.
Sd lugng ban dau chi cd 5 bg vdi 30 nhan khau, sau dd tang len 15 hg vdi 88
nhan khau nam 1992. Hien nay, dao Tin lanh phat trien rgng ban d mot sd dia
ban khac trong tinh nhu An Binh (Van Yen), huyen Tram Ta'u va thj xa Nghia
Lg.
Theo sd lieu gan day ciia Ban Ton giao ciia Chinh phii (nam 1999), d Yen Bai
cd khoang 1000 ngudi theo dao Tin lanh.
Six
phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh d giai doan nay cd mot sd dac diem sau day:
- Dao Tin lanh phat trien trd lai manh me ban, cong khai han, nhixng ngudi
cam dau truyen dao cd quan he vdi sd 2- Ngo Tram chat che ban.
Tii
dSu
nam 1993, cd nhieu ddi tugng truyen dao d cac tinh phia Bac quyen
gdp tien di ve Ha noi, den Tong hoi thanh Tin lanh (mien Bac) de hgc dao, xin tai
lieu va mSu dan in
sSn
de ve phan phat cho cac hg xin theo dao Tin lanh. Hg da
gap muc su Bui Hoanh Thu, giang su Au Quang Vinh va dugc giang giai ve giao
ly cua dao Tin lanh. Tir dd cac

gia dinh. Vi
tri
ciia
gia lang, trudng ban, trudng tgc hg vdn dugc kinh trgng, thi nay da phai
nhudng vi the chi phdi cho mot sd ngudi tich
cue
truyen dao.
Luc lugng truyen dao boat dong cd
six
lien ket, thdng nhat vdi nhau. Hg cue
doan ban, khd'ng che dan tren nhieu
linh
vuc trong cugc sdng. O mot sd ca sd, bg
to chiic quyen gdp, bugc dan nop tien de lam kinh phi boat dong. Hg de doa, co
lap can bg.
O ben ngoai, hien tugng Viet Kieu va ngudi nude ngoai thong qua con dudng
du lich, tham vieng ngudi than de thuc hien truyen dao da gia tang va cd nhieu
bieu hien phiic tap.
- Su phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh khong
chi
diing lai d dan tgc H'mong ma da
Ian
sang ca cac dan tgc khac nhu dan tgc Dao, dan tgc Thai, dan tgc Pa Then
Nhu vay, chi trong vdng mot thdi gian ngan dao Tin lanh da xam nhap va
phat trien d nhieu tinh mien
niii
phia Bac nude ta, trudc he't la d San La, Lai
Chau, sau dd la Lao Cai, Yen Bai Dieu dang quan tam la tinh hinh phat trien
ciia dao Tin lanh d day dien ra rat nhanh chdng va de lai nhiing hau qua xa hoi
tieu cue.

chi vugt len mgi dieu kien hoan canh de ton tai va khang dinh minh; hg can
cii,
chiu khd, kien tri, ben bi, de tin va khi da tin thudng tim mgi
each
de theo duoi
muc dich da dinh. Truyen thdng van boa cua ngudi H'mong rat da dang va ciing
rat dgc dao, bieu hien qua cac le hoi, nhiing
cau
truyen co, dan ca,
am
nhac,
miia
Nhung khi dao Tin lanh xuat hien, nhiing sinh boat van hoa truyen thdng da va
dang bi pha va. Nhixng chang trai, co gai khong cdn nhiing dip de thoi khen, thoi
sao,
khi cd ngudi che't khong dugc khdc, khong dugc tham
vie'ng,
chao bdi ngudi
ngoai dao, te't khong di nem cdn, cac le hoi truyen thdng cung mai mot dan
Do vai trd ciia cac gia lang, trudng ban bi giam
siit,
tham chi d nhieu nai
khong cdn vai trd, lam cho truyen thdng ciia dan tgc H'mong cd nguy ca bi bang
hoai, bdi vi
Idp
ngudi gia khong cdn bao ban, luu lai cho the' he sau. Nhiing tin
nguong
CO
xua nhu Thd ciing to tien, Thd Than lang, Than dat
lai

Hang bao ddi nay, ngudi H'mong sinh sdng va cu
trii
theo ddng hg
buyet
thdng. Mot khi da la ngudi cua ddng hg thi phai biet yeu thuang, diim bgc
iSn
nhau, cho dii cd sdng d dau thi luat tuc ddng hg cung chi phdi tdi dd. Ngudi
17
CAi hocauoc
G;^.
HA
NOI
)
TRliNGT^MTHQNGTiNT.iJVlE^I
H'mong thudng ndi :"tdi la ngudi H'mong, chiing ta la ngudi H'mong, chiing ta
ciing mot gdc ngudi, cung mot hat lanh gieo xudng dat" [58.2 ]. Y thiic cong
ddng, doan ke't da trd thanh mot trong
nhiing
net dac
trixng ve
mat van boa ciia
ddng bao, vay ma gid day nd cung dang cd nguy ca bi pha va. Trong gia dinh
ngudi
H'mdng
bi mat di
six
binh yen, hanh phiic, mau
thuSn
giiia cac thanh vien
trong gia dinh cd khi gay gat.

nam 1987 trd lai day, hien tugng ciing ddn vua Vang
Chii
trong ddng bao
dan tgc H'mong d mot sd tinh lien tuc
diln
ra da gay nen
six
ton kem tien
ciia,
cong
siic,
thdi gian
ciia
ddng bao. De ciing ddn Vang
Chii
ngudi dan phai nop
tien, phai ban tbdc
liia,
trau,
ngixa,
Ign
ga, bac trang. Khi theo dao ba con cung
phai nop "le phi theo dao", "tien tii thien" Sd tien dd cd the la 10 000 ddng mot
hd, 20 000 ddng boac cd the la 50 000 ddng mot hg tuy theo timg dia
phuang[15].
Chi tinh rieng d huyen Bac Ha tinh Lao Cai, tinh den nam 1999,
nhan dan da ban di 86 con trau,
ngixa,
800 ddng bac trang va nop hang chuc trieu
ddng cho luc lugng truyen dao.

Six
xam nhap va phat trien cua dao Tin lanh cung la nguyen nhan
ciia
hien
tugng di dan tu do cua ddng bao H'mong, bgn xau tuyen truyen :"Mudn cd vua
H'mong, cd to qudc rieng, thi ba con ta phai di vi phia Tay nai mat trdi lan"
1
[58.27 ]. Ldi keu ggi dd danh
triing
vao tam ly
ciia
ngudi H'mong, gay nen tinh
trang di dich cu bet
siic
phiic tap, tii dd gay
nen
nhiing xao trgn trong ddi sdng
ddng bao, tao ra khd khan cho viec quan ly xa hoi
ciia
cac cap chinh quyen,
gay
nen nan pha rimg buy hoai moi trudng sinh thai mot
each
tram trgng, cac te nan
xa hoi cd xu hudng gia tang. Cd the ndi rang ddng bao theo dao Tin lanh chang
nhixng khong cai thien dugc ddi sdng kinh te, ma trai lai cang ngheo kho ban.
- Mot khia canh quan trgng khac la su phat trien
ciia
dao Tin lanh da gay nen
tinh trang ma't on dinh ve an ninh chinh tri va trat tu an toan xa hoi, tac dong tieu

19
cugc sdng dgc lap, tu do cho hg, thi nay ngudi H'mong tin rang
chi
cd Vang
Chii,
Gie su mdi
ciiu
giiip dugc minh thoat canh ddi ngheo. Hien tugng nay khong chi
xay ra ddi vdi nhirng ngudi dan lao dong ma ca can bg nhu chu tich xa, giao vien,
dang vien cung tin vao chiia. Tir dd lam cho dudng ldi, chinh sach
ciia
Dang
khd di vao cugc sdng ddng bao. Chiing tuyen truyen kich dong : "Van ddng
cii
van dong, tuyen truyen
cii
tuyen truyen, theo dao
cii
theo dao".
[11.5
]
Tuy nhien,ben canh nhixng anh hudng tieu
cue
thi dao Tin lanh cung cd vai
trd nhat dinh trong ddi sdng ddng bao. Trudc het, nd lam thay doi nep sdng
ciia
ddng bao theo dao; dap ling nhu cau tam linh
ciia
bg udc ma tdi mot cugc sdng
day du ban. Nhiing dieu ran day ma dao Tin lanh neu ra phii hgp vdi nhu cau ve

nay.
Dang ta
neu
rd : Tin ngudng ton giao la nhu
cau tinh than cua mot bg phan nhan dan. Dao dure ton giao cd nhieu dieu
phii
hop
vdi cong cugc xay dung xa hoi mdi (Nghi quyet 24
ciia
Bg Chinh tri).
Tdm lai, chi trong khoang thdi gian tir nam 1986 den nay, dao Tin lanh da
phat trien nhanh chdng d bau he't cac tinh mien
niii
phia Bac nude ta.
Six
phat
trien ciia nd da
gay
ra nhixng hau qua tieu cue ve kinh te', chinh tri, van boa - xa
hoi trong ddi sdng ddng bao H'mdng d khu vuc nay. Tuy nhien, dao Tin lanh
cung cd
nhiing
anh hudng tich cue de'n ddi sdng dong bao, dd la
six
dap
ling
nhu
20
c^u
tam linh

six
phan anh trong dd
nhixng luc lugng d tran the' da mang hinh thiic
nhiing
luc lugng sieu tran the'"
[50.437]
Ve mat kinh te', dan tgc H'mdng thudng cu
trii
d nhiing viing
niii
cao, nen
kinh te chu ye'u
vSn
mang tinh cha't tu cung, tu cap, phuang
thixc
canh tac chinh la
ddt rirng lam nuang
rSy,
khai pha rugng bac thang. Nhung gan day rimg ngay
mot thu hep, lam san it di, ddng vat hoang da ngay cang khan hiem, cay thudc
phien vdn la ngudn sdng chinh cua ngudi H'mdng thi bi xoa bd trong khi chua
tim dugc cay thay the' de dem lai hieu qua kinh te tuang
ling.
Viec xoa cay thudc
phien dugc vi nhu la mot
"cii
xdc" ve kinh te ddi vdi ddng bao H'mdng.
Viec chuyen doi sang
nen
kinh te' thi trudng da giiip chiing ta thoat khdi