BO GIAO DUG VA DAO TAO
DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA N O I
TRl/dNG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN

NGUYEN KHAC DUG

NGUYEN NHAN PHAT TRIEN DAO TIN LANH TRONG
DONG BAO DAN TOC H'MONG 6 M O T SO TINH MIEN
NUI PHIA BAG Nl/6C TA HIEN NAY VA BIEN PHAP
KHAC PHUC MAT TIEU ClTC CUA NO
Chuyen nganh : Chu nghla duy vat bien chung
va chu nghla duy vat lich sur
Ma so : 5.01.02

LUAN VAN THAC SI KHOA HOC TRIET HOC
Nguoi hudug din khoa hoc
.JGS.TS. Nguyin Hitu Vui
CAI K C C O U O C GiA HA NOi •

TRUHGTAMTHDHGT!N.T!!UV!C!i

Y,.
^Vj

HA NOI - 2001


CHtr VIET TAT TRONG LUAN VAN

Chinh tri quoc gia :



cua no
1.1. Sir phat trien dao Tin ianh d Viet Nam va d mot so tinh
mien nui phia Bac nude ta

6

1.1.1. Su phat trien dao Tin lanh a Viet Nam

6

1.1.2. Qua trinh phat trien dao Tin lanh a mot so tinh mien nui
phia Bdc nu6e ta

o

1.1.3. Anh hucmg ciia dao Tin lanh trong dong bao dan toe
H'mong a mot so tinh mi6n niii phia B^c nuoc ta

15

1.2. Nguyen nhan

21

1.2.1. Ddi song kinh te-xa hoi kho khan

21

1.2.2. Tif van de truyen dao va am muu Igi dung dao Tin lanh

tin nguong cua nhan dan, dong thdi chong Igi dung ton giao

r-j

2.1.3. Can phan biet mat chinh tri va tu tuong trong viec doi xir
v6i ton giao

^A

2.1.4. Co quan diem lich sir CLI the khi giai quyet van dt ton
gi^°

55

2.2. Mot so bien phap chii yeu

56

2.2.1. Phat trien kinh te" - xa hoi, nang cao ddi song vat chat ctia
dong bao H'mong

_^
30

2.2.2. Nang cao trinh do dan tri va van hoa ciia dong bao
H'mong
2.2.3. Cling CO va tang cucmg he thong chinh tri co s6, quan

^^


nhu can tam linh, nhu c^u ton giao ciia quan chiing nhan dan can thiet dugc dap
ling. Tuy nhien, neu khong dugc huang din, quan ly thi no lai la nguyen nhan
gay nen nhirng bat on trong d6i song xa hoi.
Nhin chung boat dong ciia cac ton giao a nude ta hien nay diln ra theo
chieu hudng tuan thu phap luat, cac ton giao g^n bo v6i dan toe. Tuy nhien, van
de ton giao cung thucfng xuyen bi cac the luc thu dich Igi dung de thuc hien am
muu chong pha each mang nu6c ta, tijr do tao ra nhung vu viec phiic tap trong mot
so ton giao, trong do co dao Tin lanh.


Dao tin lanh la mot ton giao 16n tren the gidi. Mac dia mdi vao Viet Nam
khoang 100 nam, nhung da phat trien manh tren mot dien rong trong ca nu6c.
Dac biet su phat tren khong binh thucmg cua ton giao nay d cac tinh mi6n niii
phia Bdc nude ta trong thdi gian g^n day da va dang tao ra nhiJng hau qua tieu
cue tren nhi6u linh vuc ciia ddi song xa hoi dong bao cac dan toe a day, trong do
noi bat nhat la dan toe H'mong. Tin lanh da thuc su len loi sau vao tan cac ban
lang xa xoi heo lanh ciia dong bao cac dan toe thieu so. Vi vay, nghien ciJu tinh
hinh phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh trong vung dong bao dan toe H'mong a khu vuc
nay, ban nua la tim ra nguyen nhan cua su phat trien va giai phap de giai quyet
tinh hinh do, hofn bao gid het vSn la nhung van de thdi su, mang tinh cap thiet ca
ve ly lu£in va thuc tiln.
Dua tren ca sd do, toi da manh dan lua chon van d6 tren day lam d6 tai luan
van thac sy triet hoc ciia minh.
2. Tinh hinh nghien ciili de tai
Trong thdi gian qua d nude ta da cd rat nhieu cong trinh nghien cuxi \6 dao tin
lanh, ke ca nhiing cong trinh nghien cixu ve nhiing van dt co ban ciia ton giao
nay. Cho den nay cd the neu ra mot sd di tai, bai viet chu yeu v6 dao Tin lanh va
dao Tin lanh d mot sd tinh phia Bdc nude ta sau day:
Tac pham " Ve vai trd cua dao tin lanh" cua Max Weber; "Hoi thanh tin lanh
mien nam" ciia Ixoraca-Richared Woff- Sai gdn 1959; "Cac he phai tin lanh d


1.1. Sir PHAT TRIEN DAO TIN LANH 6 VIET NAM VA 6 MOT
SO TINH MIEN NUI PHIA B A C NU^dC TA
1.1.1. Sir phat trien dao Tin lanh d Viet Nam
Dao Tin lanh la mot ton giao ra ddi d chau Au the ky XVI trong cugc cai each
ton giao, gan lien vdi nhixng nhan vat tieu bieu la Martin Luther va Jean Calvin.
Hien nay dao Tin lanh la mot ton giao quoc te Idn thii ba tren the gidi(sau Cong
giao va Hoi giao), cd mat d hau het cac khu vuc tren the gidi, trong dd tap trung
chii yeu d cac nude cong nghiep phat trien.
Ngay tii cudi the ky XIX, nhiing nha truydn giao cua to chiic Lien hiep Phuc
dm va Truyen giao (CMA) da chu y den Viet nam va khu vixc Dong Duong nham
muc dich phat trien dao.
Nam 1911, CMA cix ba muc su: R.A.Jaffray, P.M.Husler, va G.L.Hughes tii
Trung Quoc vao Da NSng bat dau truyen dao. Ngudi theo dao Tin lanh dau tien
la dng Hoang Trgng Thiia, cong chiic va ong trd thanh muc su ngudi Viet nam
dau tien nam 1922.
Nam 1918, CMA lap nam chi hoi d Bac ky, 6 chi hoi d Trung ky va 5 chi
hoi d Nam ky, tap hgp trong mot to chiic mang ten " Hoi thanh Tin lanh Dong
phap" ( Mission Evangelique de L' Indochine francaise - MEI ). Nam 1927, Hoi
thanh Tin lanh Dong Phap hgp dai hoi ddng Ian thii IV tai Da Nang bau ra Ban tri
su Tong lien hoi Hoi thanh Tin lanh Viet nam do muc su Hoang Trgng Thiia lam
hoi trudng.
Sau dd, dao Tin lanh tiep tuc phat trien ra khap cac viing trong ca nude ta:
Nam 1932, CMA truyen giao Tin lanh len viing dan tgc thieu sd d Tay nguyen.

6


Nam 1933 giao hoi Ca ddc phuc lam vao truy6n giao. Den nam 1945 ca nude cd
khoang 40 000 tin dd. Nam 1954 cd 60 000 tin do, khoang 80 muc su, tru sd

ban 400 chi hoi, 500 nha tbd.
Sau nam 1975, ciing vdi six that bai cua My, nguy d mien nam, boat dong ciia
dao Tin lanh giam siit ro ret, tham chi d nhieu nai Tin lanh dudng nhu chua tung
ton tai.
Nhung nhiing nam gan day dao Tin lanh lai dang phat trien trd lai, dac biet
la d Tay Nguyen, Trudng San, va cac tinh mi6n niii phia Bac nude ta. Theo ket
qua tong dieu tra dan sd va nha d toan qudc(4-1999), hien nay nude ta cd 410134
ngudi theo dao Tin lanh.
1,1.2. Qua trinh phat trien dao Tin lanh d mot sd tinh mien niii phia
Bac nirdc ta
Cho den nay ggi hien tugng ton giao dugc truyen vao ddng bao dan tgc thieu
sd d mot sd tinh mien niii phia Bac nude ta la dao Tin lanh hay dao Vang Chif van
cd nhieu y kien khac nhau.
Theo chiing toi, khi mdi vao viing ddng bao H'mong thi ton giao nay dugc
ggi vdi ten Vang Chit vi nd gan bd mat thiet vdi tin ngudng truyln thdng ciia
ddng bao. Nhung cang ve sau thi noi dung Tin lanh cang bieu bien ro ret, ve ddi
tugng ton thd, ve kinh thanh, nghi li cua dao Tin lanh... Dieu dd cd nghia la, ve
ban chat "Vang Chii" chinh la Tin lanh. Vi vay trong luan van nay chiing toi
manh dan ggi ten la dao Tin lanh, diing nhu quan diem ciia Dang ta ve van de
nay trong ke boach 184B(1999), thong bao 255/TW(1999), tong ket nghi quyet
24 sd OIBC/BCD ciia Bg Chinh tri.
Ve su phan chia cac giai doan phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh trong ddng bao
H'mong d mot sd tinh phia Bac nude ta hien nay van cdn cd nhiing quan diem
8


khac nhau. Chiing toi nhat tri vdi quan diem chia qua trinh phat trien ciia dao Tin
lanh d khu vuc nay lam ba giai doan chii yeu sau day:
Giai doan thic nhat, 1986'1987: Day la thdi ky bat dau qua trinh xam nhap
cua dao Vang Chii vao ddng bao H'mong.

nam 2000 trai dat se no tung, trdi se sap va mgi ngudi se chet. Liic dd ne'u ai theo
Vang Chii thi se dugc ciiu sdng vi cd canh bay dugc len trdi, cdn ai khong theo se
bi chet bet. 6 tren trdi ngudi theo Vang Chii se dugc sdng sung sudng, khong lam
ciing cd an va chet rdi se sdng lai. Chiing cdn ndi: Khi nao vua sap ra, tai ca
khong ai dugc ra khdi nha, phai chuan bi mang quSn ao dai trang de don vua. Liic
dd trdi se toi 3 ngay 3 dem, sau dd xuat bien 7 con rdng phun nude xudng khu
vuc huyen Sin Ho. Dd la liic Vang Chii ddn ngudi H'mong len trdi. Chiing tung
tin hii doa, nam 2000 se cd nan hong thuy, ai theo dao se dugc chiia ciiu vdt ...
Noi dung tuyen truyen nhu vay thuc six la hoang dudng, me tin, song do ddng bao
H'mong vdn dan tri tha'p, nhieu phong tuc lac hau, nang dau dc me tin va ddi
sdng cd nhieu khd khan nen hg da tin theo.
- Viec truyen dao chu ye'u thong qua phuang thiic truyen mieng, viXa bi mat,
viia cong khai; truyen dao thong qua dai FEBC.
Nhiing ngudi truyen dao Tin lanh d giai doan nay viXa cong khai, lai viia bi
mat, Chiing truyen dao bi mat cho ba con, giii kin ddi vdi can bg, nhat la can bg
xa, huyen. Chiing truyen dao cong khai thudng vao ban dem, tir 9 gid den 1-2 gid
sang.
Thu doan truyen dao la, mot sd ngudi cam dau to chiic nghe chuang trinh phat
thanh ciia dai FEBC rdi ghi am, sau dd di tdi cac ban md cho nhieu ngudi nghe,
ket hop vdi truyen mieng, tung tin lira bip, de doa lam cho nhan dan nua tin nua
ngd nen nhieu ngudi do sg ma theo.
Giai doan thu: hai, 1988-1991: Dac diem chinh ciia giai doan nay la six phat
trien cua dao Tin lanh Ian rgng ra d hau bet cac tinh mien niii phia Bac, ddng

10


thdi xay ra tinh trang ddng bao khiing hoang niem tin va tim den nha thd Cong
giao.
Nam 1988, dao Vang Chii tiep tuc dugc truyen vao hai xa Ang Ta va Mudng



dao Tin lanh. Theo thdng ke ciia Ban Dan van Trung uang, den nam 1994 d Ha
Giang cd 62 000 ngudi theo dao Tin lanh.
Nam 1997-1998, boat dong truyen dao lai noi len d cac xa Thugng Tan,
Phieng Luong, Giap Trung, Minh San (huyen Bac Me); xa Sung Thai, Siing
Trang, Thang Md, Yen Minh, Bach Dich (huyen Yen Minh); xa Bach Nggc va
Minh Nggc (huyen Vi Xuyen). Gan day, dao Tin lanh van tiep tuc phat trien d
mot sd xa ciia 9/10 huyen thi ciia tinh Ha Giang.
Six phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh d Yen Bai cung dien ra tuang ddi nhanh chdng.
Sd lugng ban dau chi cd 5 bg vdi 30 nhan khau, sau dd tang len 15 hg vdi 88
nhan khau nam 1992. Hien nay, dao Tin lanh phat trien rgng ban d mot sd dia
ban khac trong tinh nhu An Binh (Van Yen), huyen Tram Ta'u va thj xa Nghia
Lg. Theo sd lieu gan day ciia Ban Ton giao ciia Chinh phii (nam 1999), d Yen Bai
cd khoang 1000 ngudi theo dao Tin lanh.
Six phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh d giai doan nay cd mot sd dac diem sau day:
- Dao Tin lanh phat trien trd lai manh me ban, cong khai han, nhixng ngudi
cam dau truyen dao cd quan he vdi sd 2- Ngo Tram chat che ban.
Tii dSu nam 1993, cd nhieu ddi tugng truyen dao d cac tinh phia Bac quyen
gdp tien di ve Ha noi, den Tong hoi thanh Tin lanh (mien Bac) de hgc dao, xin tai
lieu va mSu dan in sSn de ve phan phat cho cac hg xin theo dao Tin lanh. Hg da
gap muc su Bui Hoanh Thu, giang su Au Quang Vinh va dugc giang giai ve giao
ly cua dao Tin lanh. Tir dd cac thira tac vien da ve cac ban tich cue phan phat tai
lieu cho dong bao, lap danh sach nhan khau tiing thon ban giri len cac cap chinh
quyen ddi dugc theo dao Tin lanh. Hoi thanh Tin lanh mien Bac the hien ro six
can thiep ngay cang sau vao qua trinh truyen dao Tin lanh d khu vixe nay, van de
ton giao ngay cang dugc gan ke't vdi van de dan tgc, vdi am muu thanh lap mot
"quoc gia tu tri" ciia ngudi H'mong,
- Xuat hien nhiing dau hieu gay mat on dinh ve an ninh xa hoi trong vung
ddng bao, hoat dong truyen dao cd tinh td chiic ban va cd hien tugng d ben ngoai

truyen thdng, phong tuc tap quan cua ddng bao H'mong


Cung nhu nhieu dan tgc khac d nude ta, dan tgc H'mong da cd mot nen van
boa lau ddi, dac sac. Trudc he't, ddng bao H'mong la cong ddng cd ban linh va y
chi vugt len mgi dieu kien hoan canh de ton tai va khang dinh minh; hg can cii,
chiu khd, kien tri, ben bi, de tin va khi da tin thudng tim mgi each de theo duoi
muc dich da dinh. Truyen thdng van boa cua ngudi H'mong rat da dang va ciing
rat dgc dao, bieu hien qua cac le hoi, nhiing cau truyen co, dan ca, am nhac, miia
... Nhung khi dao Tin lanh xuat hien, nhiing sinh boat van hoa truyen thdng da va
dang bi pha va. Nhixng chang trai, co gai khong cdn nhiing dip de thoi khen, thoi
sao, khi cd ngudi che't khong dugc khdc, khong dugc tham vie'ng, chao bdi ngudi
ngoai dao, te't khong di nem cdn, cac le hoi truyen thdng cung mai mot dan ...
Do vai trd ciia cac gia lang, trudng ban bi giam siit, tham chi d nhieu nai
khong cdn vai trd, lam cho truyen thdng ciia dan tgc H'mong cd nguy ca bi bang
hoai, bdi vi Idp ngudi gia khong cdn bao ban, luu lai cho the' he sau. Nhiing tin
nguong CO xua nhu Thd ciing to tien, Thd Than lang, Than dat lai bi gan cho la
ma qui, tir dd khuyen khich Idp tre "tir bd nhung phong tuc, tap quan cdn tiem an
nhung cai hay chua dugc danh gia diing miic".[74.19 ]
Thd Cling to tien la mot hinh thiic tin nguong rat dac trung ciia dan tgc ta,
cung nhu cua dan tgc Hmong. Song hien gid, d nhieu nai ddng bao da chdi bd vdi
ly do cung rat dan gian : thd dng ba to tien da bao ddi rdi nhung den gid ngheo
kho van Cli ngheo kho. Do vay, hg den vdi mot tam linh mdi vdi hy vgng tim cho
minh loi thoat.
Tac dong tieu cue ciia dao Tin lanh ddi vdi van boa truyen thdng cua ddng
bao Hmong, thuc six la van de can quan tam giai quyet, bdi vi : "Van boa cdn,
dan tgc cdn. Diit doan van hoa, viit bd van hoa, dan tgc cd the cdn nhung la mot
dan tgc khac la; mot dan tgc bi ddng hoa, mat siic sdng va khong binh
thudng."[74.16]
Hang bao ddi nay, ngudi H'mong sinh sdng va cu trii theo ddng hg buyet

ddng cho luc lugng truyen dao. 6 Son La nam 1996, ddng bao da phai nop "qui
dao" la 20 000 ddng mdi bg de lam le nhiing nude; nam 1997 tai xa Chieng
An(Mudng La), ba con phai nop 10 000 ddng de lam le Noen ...
Nguy hiem ban, viec theo dao Tin lanh lam mat rat nhieu thdi gian de san
xuat va sinh hoat cua ddng bao. Ca tin theo nhiing Idi le hoang dudng ciia nhirng
18


ten truyen dao rang "theo chua Gie su thi cd cugc sdng sung sudng, khong lam
cung cd an", "Theo Vang Chii thi lam cai gi cung cd", "ca nha se dugc bay len
trdi khong phai lam nuang "[58.35 ]. Tir dd mot sd ngudi bd ca san xuat, md trau,
bd, Ign, ga va ngdi dgi six ciiu giiip ciia chiia. Thdi gian lang phi vao viec cau
nguyen, nghe dai Manila, d nha ngay thii nam va chu nhat de dgc kinh thanh ...
Six xam nhap va phat trien cua dao Tin lanh cung la nguyen nhan ciia hien
tugng di dan tu do cua ddng bao H'mong, bgn xau tuyen truyen :"Mudn cd vua
H'mong, cd to qudc rieng, thi ba con ta phai di vi phia Tay nai mat trdi lan"
1 [58.27 ]. Ldi keu ggi dd danh triing vao tam ly ciia ngudi H'mong, gay nen tinh
trang di dich cu bet siic phiic tap, tii dd gay nen nhiing xao trgn trong ddi sdng
ddng bao, tao ra khd khan cho viec quan ly xa hoi ciia cac cap chinh quyen, gay
nen nan pha rimg buy hoai moi trudng sinh thai mot each tram trgng, cac te nan
xa hoi cd xu hudng gia tang. Cd the ndi rang ddng bao theo dao Tin lanh chang
nhixng khong cai thien dugc ddi sdng kinh te, ma trai lai cang ngheo kho ban.
- Mot khia canh quan trgng khac la su phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh da gay nen
tinh trang ma't on dinh ve an ninh chinh tri va trat tu an toan xa hoi, tac dong tieu
cue de'n niem tin ciia ddng bao ddi vdi six lanh dao ciia Dang, nha nude. Nd da
gdp phan lam suy yeu he thdng chinh tri ciia ta d ca sd. Mot sd can bg, dang
vien ghi ten theo dao, boac bi ldi keo vao hoat dong ciia nhiing ngudi truyen dao.
Nhixng can bg khong theo dao thi bi sd da theo dao cd lap, phan biet ddi xu, bang
each "viet dan td cao, vu khong len tinh, trung uang" [11.5 ]. Cac to chiic chinh
tri, doan the ciia ta boat dong khd khan. Tir dd tao ra tinh trang mat on dinh trong

dinh de'n ddi sdng tinh than, van boa, dao diic, tham chi la kinh te cua ddng bao
H'mdng. Lien quan tdi van de nay. Dang ta neu rd : Tin ngudng ton giao la nhu
cau tinh than cua mot bg phan nhan dan. Dao dure ton giao cd nhieu dieu phii hop
vdi cong cugc xay dung xa hoi mdi (Nghi quyet 24 ciia Bg Chinh tri).
Tdm lai, chi trong khoang thdi gian tir nam 1986 den nay, dao Tin lanh da
phat trien nhanh chdng d bau he't cac tinh mien niii phia Bac nude ta. Six phat
trien ciia nd da gay ra nhixng hau qua tieu cue ve kinh te', chinh tri, van boa - xa
hoi trong ddi sdng ddng bao H'mdng d khu vuc nay. Tuy nhien, dao Tin lanh
cung cd nhiing anh hudng tich cue de'n ddi sdng dong bao, dd la six dap ling nhu
20


c^u tam linh ciia bg, udc ma tdi mot cugc sdng day du ban, lam giam bdt nhung
giang bugc, phiic tap cua cac phong tuc tap quan lac bau de nang len ddng bao
vdn da khd khan.

1.2. NGUYEN NHAN
1.2.1. Doi sdng kinh te - xa hoi kho khan
Chu nghia Mac- Lenin khang dinh rang ton giao bao gid cung ra ddi tren ca
sd ton tai xa bdi nhat dinh. Trong tac pham cua minh, C Mac cho rang : ton giao
" phan anh sir ngheo nan ciia hien thuc", "nha nude ay, xa hoi ay da san sinh ra
ton giao" [47.569 ]. Ph.Ang ghen cung neu rd : "Nhung tat ca mgi ton giao chang
qua chi la six phan anh hu ao - vao dau dc cua con ngudi - ciia nhiing luc lugng d
ben ngoai chi phdi cugc sdng hang ngay cua hg; chi la six phan anh trong dd
nhixng luc lugng d tran the' da mang hinh thiic nhiing luc lugng sieu tran the'"
[50.437]
Ve mat kinh te', dan tgc H'mdng thudng cu trii d nhiing viing niii cao, nen
kinh te chu ye'u vSn mang tinh cha't tu cung, tu cap, phuang thixc canh tac chinh la
ddt rirng lam nuang rSy, khai pha rugng bac thang. Nhung gan day rimg ngay
mot thu hep, lam san it di, ddng vat hoang da ngay cang khan hiem, cay thudc