SO
4-2011
^mf^-
VAN
WO/t ;
KHQ/ViQCaTHi-^^
1:
Ca dao co truyen
ngutfi
Viet
vcfi
tinh mcf
ho
da
nghTa
tren
binh
dien ngon
ngu'van
hgc
Ca dao c6 truyen ngudi Viet vdi tinh md hb da nghTa tren
binh
dien ngbn ngQ van hpc
Ngbn ngQ cd vai trd dae biet quan trpng trong ddi sbng
xa hpi. Bdi vay, nghien
cQu
ngbn ngQ tQ nhieu gdc dp dang
trd thanh nhu eau tat yeu hien nay.
6
nQdc ta, cd the nghien
cQu nhOng van de ve ly thuyet ngbn ngQ hpc; nhOng van de

binh
dien ngbn ngQ eung vai trd
eua nd d nhQng Idi ca dao cb truyen, lam tien de eho sQ binh
gia ed ed sb va sQ tiep nhan sau sic tae pham.
1.
Khai niem ea dao co truyen va tinh md ho da nghTa
trong van hoc nghe thuat
1.1.
Khai niem ca dao cd truyen
Thuat ngQ ca dao da tQng dupe dung vdi nhieu nghTa
rpng,
hep khae nhau
Theo nghTa gbe thi ca la bai hat cd khuc
dieu,
dao la
bai hat khdng cd khue
dieu"
[5,26].
Va mot thdi "Ca dao la danh tU chung ehi toan bd
nhQng bai hat
lUu
hanh pho bien trong dan gian cd hoac
khbng ed khuc
dieu"
[5.25].
d trQdng hdp nay, ca dao dbng
nghTa vdi dan ca
Tren thQc te, khai niem ca dao da dan dan cb sQ thu hep
nbi ham.
Hien nay, eae nha nghien

trong sach Kho tang [6].
1.2. Khai niem tinh
ma
ho da
nghTa
trong van hoe nghe
thu$t
Khdng phai den tan bay gid, tinh md hb da nghTa mdi
dUde
biet tdi. TQ xa xUa,
ngUdi
ta da quan tam den tfnh md
hb,
da nghTa cua van hpe nghe thuat Dd la eai "y tai ngon
ngoai"
(y
b
ngoai Idi cua van cua thd). Nha triet hpc Dong
Trpng ThQ ddi Tay Han da eho rang thd, kinh thi khdng the
giai thfeh dQdc ro rang (thi vd dat hb). Nha thi thoai thdi
Minh Ta Tran cung ehu trUdng ta canh, thuat sU khbng nen
gib'ng nhu
thUe
ma phai khae la khien cho ngudi tiep nhan
cd cam giac md hb, bi an (dieu tai ham hb)
Tuy nhien, ngay nay khi tinh tfch cUc, sang tao cua ngUdi
tiep nhan dupe y thQc ro ret; tfnh ban the cua ngbn ngQ van
hpc dQde phat hien
thi
md hb da nghTa - mot thupc tinh

van hoc trong ca dao
co
truyen la nghien
edu
van
chuang
dan gian theo
each
tiep
e$n
mdi
6 Viet Nam nhQng nam qua, nghien cQu ea dao
tJac
UvaH?C:
SGAYS,.Y^±mL
63
biet la ngdn
ngO
ca dao
da
cb nhieu thanh
tUu.
Xin ddn cii
vai vi du. Tac gia Nguyen Xuan Kfnh nghien cQu mot
sbye'u
tb cd ban cua chinh the
nghe
thuat
ca
dao trong db chu y

trong thd ca dan gianw
Nhu vay, xae dinh sU cd mat va vai trb, vi trf cua tfnh md
hb da nghTa tren binh dien ngbn
ngO
van hpc trong ea dao
vIn
cdn la van de mdi me. Tuy nhien, thanh tuu nghien
cQu
trUdc
ddeCiaeae
nha khoa hpc thUe
sUla
nhOng gdi
mdcan
IhiS't
giup chung toi cb ed sb de then khai van de nghien
cQu
oOa
minh.
Song, tlnh
mO
h"6 da
hghla
trong van hpe nghe
IhuSt
nbi chung
vi
trong ca dao nbi
riSng dUcic xae
djnh dua

loai cac y nghTa
mdhb
cua W.Empdxdn
chua that rach roi, chat che, nhat
qudn
song da cho thay
tlnh mcf hb da nghTa cb
nhi'Su hinh
thQc the
hiSn
va cbng
trinh khoa hoc trSn
cCia
bng "thQc sQ la mbt kiet tac ma bat
ky ai dpc xong
diu
khong
thi
cbn dQng lai vdi niem tin eu"
[8.71].
Do trong
thUc
te, cac loai y nghTa md hb 6, 7 cd phan
nhu trung
l§p
vdi
c6c lo^i
2, 3, 4; do dac trUng the loai va
trong khubn kho bai viet, ehung tbi chi nghien cQu ba hinh
IhQc

tren binh dien ngdn ngd
van
hoc
trong ca dao
cd
truyen
2.2.1.
Khao sat 3.481 Idi ca dao co truyen dQdc
sUu
tap
trong sach Kho
ting
[6] dl
xic
djnh
cic
loai y nghTa md
hb (hay ndi
each khae
la tlm
cic
hinh thQc bleu hien eua tfnh
md hb),
ehCing
tbi
tht/c
hien theo
cich nglu
nhien dam bao
cho sU

dyng
mot s6
biSn
phap tu tQ
tiSu
bieu eau tao theo quan he
liSn
ludng gbm so sanh, an dy,
hoan du va tUdng trUng. NhOng
biSn
phap tu tQ nhU diep tQ
ngQ,
ehdi chQ, dbng nghTa kep khbng
nim
trong pham vi
khao sat bdi chung toi quan niem do cau tao theo quan he
to hdp, cac bien phap tu tQ vQa neu khbng cb hoac cb rat it
kha nang tao y nghTa md hb.
Thidu
1:
397 (b) NgQdi khbn nhQ mieng thjt gi
Tuy rang an ft nhQng ma ngon lau
NgQdi dai nhu cu bb nau
Den khi khbn khb cd cau phai an.
CDTCM
172
Thfdu
2:
307.
Cay da eu ben db xUa

nhin thQc sQ phai
IQa
chpn trong sb nhQng
liSn
tQdng phong phu, siu sic ay mbt each hieu cho minh.
Md hi, da nghTa phit sinh tQ
dly.
Chang han,
6
thi du 1,
mieng thit ga, eu bb niu dQdc vi vdi ngQdi khbn, ngQdi dai.
Vi ngon, db cua mieng thit gi vi eu bb nau ra sao cung nhQ
dU
vj
cube
sbng khi d vdi ngQdi khdn, ngQdi dai the nio li
phy
thubc vio sQ lien tudng tQ do nhQng cd cd sd cua ngQdi
tiep nhan. 6 thf du 2, ldi ca dao nhQ mbt sQ nhln gQi: khach
qua dudng co nghTa
thi
ning mUa cung chb vi ndi chd dpi li
"ciy da cu, ben db xQa"? NhQng d day, Idi nhan gQi that
bang qud, "tbi nghia"; ai nhin vi chd ddi vdi muc dfeh gi?
"Cay da eu, ben do
xUa"
la mbt dia diem cd that ma khich
bp hinh da dQng chan hay ehl la mbt an dy chi dja diem
quen thubc cd y nghTa nhat djnh vdi nhan vat
trO

khoang
44,1%;
sb Idi ca dao chQa bien phip an du tu tQ
ji
701 Idi,
chiem khoing 46,4%;
sbldi
ea dao chQa bien phip hoan dy
tu tQ vi
tUdng
trQng la 144 Idi, chiem khoang 9,53% trong
tbng sb Idi ca dao c6 sQ dung cac
biSn
phap tu tQ.
.2.1.2.
Loai y nghTa md hb ed
dUdc
"do quan he
ngO
phap khbng chat che vi
ngO
eanh cho phep"
- Loai y nghTa md hb nay xua't hien khi mbi quan he to
hdp
giQa cic tQ, cac vl trong cau khbng chat che va do sU
cho phep eua
ngO
eanh. Co the xay ra ba tlnh hubng: thQ
nha't, quan
hS

khae ngUdi ddi khinh che.
TOBD
II 250TNPD
1111
6
ldi ea dao
tren,
quan he tb hdp giQa cac tQ khbng chat
che{tQ
'IQdt
thieu djnh ngQ) gay nen sQ md hb da nghTa.
2.2,1.3.
Loai y nghTa md hb xua't hien khi "mot tQ trong
mbt van canh ma giang hai nghTa deu thbng"
- Day la loai y nghTa md hb dQde tao nen khi mbt phUdng
tien ngbn ngO
(S
cap dp tQ) cd hai nghTa trong mbt van eanh
eu the.
3,45%. Thi du:>>- Trong 3.481 ldi ca dao khao sat, ehl
ed
120
Idi
chQaphUdng
tien ngon ngQ da nghTa nay, chiem
805.
Cbn trdi cdn nude eon non
Cdn ed ban rUdu anh cdn say sUa.
ANPT 6a DNQT 102b HHDN 54, 164 KSK 6b
TQ 'say sQa" trong Idi ca dao tren cd the hieu theo 2

hb da nghTa chiem ti le khong nho khoang 56,9%. Dd mdi
chf la ket qua khao sat bieu hien cua tinh md hb da nghTa
trong cac Idi ca dao eb truyen tren binh dien ngon ngQ van
hpc. (Xem ket qua tong hdp
d
cubi muc 2.2.1.3). Trong dd,
bieu hien thQ nha't cua tinh md hb da nghTa chiem khoang
43,4%.(Xem kit
qua thbng ke d mue
2.2.1.1),
NhQng hinh
thQc
bilu
hien khae cua tinh md hb da nghTa trong ea dao
CO truyen chi chiem mbt ti le rat nho khoang 10,05% va
3,45% (Xem
kit
qua thbng ke d mue 2.2.1.2 vi 2.2.1.3).
Tlm hilu dae diem eua cac bien phap tu tQ dQde dung
trong nhOng Idi ea dao khao sat d mue
2.2.1.1,
chung toi
thay dd deu ia nhCfng each diln dat bdng bay, gdi earn ed
sQe hap
din
va loi cubn khi trinh bay [9]. Nhd cac bien phap
tu to, sQ diln dat vQa mang tfnh cu
thi,
hinh anh do nghTa
den gpi ra, vQa mang tinh khai quit, ham sue do nghia

ngoii y nghTa md hb "ndi vat niy ma
nhQ ndi tdi vat khae" (eb chi ngudi ndng dan?) cbn cd them
loai y nghTa md hb do sQ da nghTa cua tQ trong van canh eu
thi
nay mang lai. (cd eon la eon eb be hay li con cua con eb
me?).
Nhu vay, cb the ndi, d
nhOng
Idi ea dao ay, md hb
chbng len md hb, da nghTa eing them da nghTa.
Tinh md hb da nghTa phai chang la mbt trong
nhOng
'ma
iQc"
chinh tao nen sQe hut lau ben eho ea dao eb truyen.
ThQ so sanh them hai Idi ca dao sau, chung ta se cang thay
rd dieu dd.
805 Con trdi con nude cbn non
Cdn ed ban rUdu anh edn say sUa.
ANPT 6a DNQT102b HHDN 54, 164 KSK 6b
79.
Cdn trdi cdn nude edn non "
" •"')
Cdn ngUdi that hpc ta edn phai
lo.
CDVN 1945- 1975.
,. ' •-' '
i.'^'-i
2.2.2.3. NhQng Ibi ca dao cb truyen gay nhieu tranh luan
hau

hieu khae nhau ve hinh anh
torn,
trai,
co. Nguyin
Dang Chau cho ring ed,
torn,
trai li giai cap thbng tn. Cao
Huy Dinh thi eho
ring
cd la giai cap thbng trj, cdn tbm, trai
li tap the nhan dan. Vu Ngpe Phan lai eho rang tdm,
trai,
ed deu la nhan dan lao dpng. Tac gia Thi phap ca dao iai eb
nhQng phat hien khae. Qua khao sat mbt chudi Idi ea dao ve
tom,
trai,
cd, tic gia
kit
luan:
d day con cb khdng phai giai
cap thbng tn eung khbng phai nhan dan lao dpng, Quan
niem nhU tren dan den nhOng each hilu rat khae nhau ve
ehu de, npi dung Idi ea dao, Sb
dTed
hien
tUdng
dd bbi tic
gia dan gian da khdng gpi thing ten sU vat hien tUpng. Ho
DmvaHQC
~fs

tlnh cua
nhOng
ngQdi lam nghe ehd db dpc tren sbng. (Gid
thoi mat sau IQng la gib thuan, thuyen
xubi,
ngQdi ta mdi
thanh than
nghT
gan,
nghTxavi
nhd ngQdi yeu). Van Tin lai
cho rang tinh than chung eua Idi ea dao nay lien quan khong
chi den ngUdi lim nghe ehd db dpc ma lien quan den nhieu
ngUdi lim b nhieu nghe trong cupc
ddi
va dang lam vio
tinh hub'ng yeu, mi lai yeu ddn phUdng. Cung eb the dUa ra
mbt cich hieu nOa: "gid mat sau
lung"
la sU bat thUdng, "da
nhd ngUdi
dUng"
lai eing phi ly. Song hai cai phi ly lai bilu
dat mot thUc te
hiln
nhien, rat ed ly cua "nhQng ngQdi dang
lam vio tlnh hub'ng
yeu"
"NgQdi dQng" d day nen hilu nhQ
tac gia NhQng

CO
truyen vdi tfnh md hb da nghTa tren
binh
dien ngbn
ngO
van hpc li nghien
cQu
thi phip ngbn ngO ca dao - mbt
trong nhQng
ylu
tb thi phip thubc hinh thQc tb chQc vat lieu
eua chinh the nghe thuat ca dao.
(Hinh
thQc tb chQc vat lieu
li chQ dQng cua Bakhtin).
2.2.3.2. "Tfnh md hb, da nghTa khbng ehi li
die
trQng
mi cdn li sb phan eua van hpc"
[8.162].
Db li nhan djnh ed
ed sd bdi thQc te tiep nhan van hpc nghe thuat cho thay
nhQng tie pham cd sQc cubn hut vi trQdng tbn qua thdi gian
hau
hit
li nhOng tie pham gay nhieu tranh eai. Nguyen
nhan chinh gay nen sQ tranh cai lai li d chb eb dau hieu eua
tfnh md hb da nghTa. (Tuy nhien, d day chung toi mdi ehi de
cap
din

loai tieu
bilu eua sing tie dan gian trong ddi sbng sinh hoat eua con
ngUdi d xa hbi hien dai. Mbt khi ca dao thQc sU ii sang tie
van hpe nghe thuat dich thUe
thi
khbng ai phu nhan dUde vai
trd va vj tri cua nd trong ddi sbng van hoi tinh than eua
ngUdi Viet Nam ndi rieng, eua nhan loai nbi chung.
Cubi cung, chung tbi xin
mUdn
Idi tie gia ehuyen luan
Ly
luan vi phe
binh
vin hpc de
kit
thuc bii viet. "Tfnh md hb,
da nghTa li sQ me hoac hap
din
eua nghe thuat Hoin toin
kfn mit, khbng nhln tha'y y nghTa li vb vj, ma nhln mbt eai
nhan ra ngay
hit
mpi y nghTa cung li
hit
vi. Tfnh md hb da
nghTa dam bao thu hut ngQdi dpc di vao cube tlm tdi bat tan
ve
)/
nghTa, vi chi ed tie pham nghe thuat dfeh thQc, phong

5. Le Ba Han, Tran
Dinh
SQ, Nguyin Khic Phi (chu
bien):
TQ diln thuat ngQ van hpe, NXB Dai hpe Qub'c gia Ha
Npi,
1999 (in fan 3).
6. Nguyen Xuan Kfnh, Phan Dang Nhat (ehu bien): Kho
ting ea dao ngQdi Viet, NXB Van hoi Thbng
tin.
Hi Nbi,
1995.
7. Nguyin Xuan Kinh: Thi phip ca dao, NXB Khoa hpc
Xa hbi, Hi Nbi, 1992.
8. Tran Dinh SQ: Ly luan vi phe binh van hpe, NXB Hbi
nhi
van.
Hi Nbi, 1996.
9. Tran DQc Ngbn: "Mbt sb van de ly luan chung quanh
viec nghien cQu van ban van hpe dan
gian",
Tap chf Van
hoa dan gian sb
3/1990.
10.
CQ
Dinh
Tu: Phong cich hpc vi dac
dilm
tu