CONJUNCTIONS
1. Định nghĩa:Liên từ là từ dùng để nối các từ loại, cụm từ hay mệnh đề.
2. Phân loại:Liên từ được chia làm hai loại chính:
a. Đẳng lập (song song):
Dùng loại liên từ này để nối những các từ loại hoặc cụm từ/ nhóm từ
cùng một loại, hoặc những mệnh đề ngang hàng nhau (tính từ với tính từ,
danh từ với danh từ ):
Ví dụ:
He and I are students.
She is beautiful and kind.
They are learning to read and write.
b. Liên từ phụ thuộc:
Loại liên từ phụ thuộc nối kết các nhóm từ, cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề có chức năng khác nhau - mệnh đề
phụ với mệnh đề chính trong câu
3. Những liên từ Đẳng lập (song song):
Những liên từ Đẳng lập gồm:
AND
Ví dụ: She is a good and loyal wife.
I have many books and notebooks.
BOTH AND
Ví dụ: She is both good and loyal.
They learn both English and French.
AS WELL AS
Ví dụ: He has experience as well as knownledge.
NO LESS THAN
Ví dụ: You no less than he are very rich.
NOT ONLY BUT (ALSO)
Ví dụ: He learns not only English but but (also) Chinese.
I like playing not only tennis but (also) football.
OR
Ví dụ: Hurry up, or you will be late.

Coordinate Conjunctions
and: in addition She tried and succeeded.
but: however They tried but did not succeed.
or: alternatively Did you go out or stay at home?
nor: and neither I did not see it, nor did they.
yet: however The sun is warm, yet the air is cool.
See Exercise 1
Correlative(TƯƠNG QUAN) Conjunction (LIÊN TỪ ĐẲNG LẬP- SONG SONG)
both and He is both intelligent and good-natured.
either or I will either go for a walk or read a book.
neither nor He is neither rich nor famous.
hardly when He had hardly begun to work, when he was interrupted.
if then If that is true, then what happened is not surprising.
no sooner than No sooner had I reached the corner, than the bus came.
not only but also She is not only clever, but also hard-working.
rather than I would rather go swimming than go to the library.
scarcely when Scarcely had we left home, when it started to rain.
what with and What with all her aunts, uncles and cousins, she has many relatives.
whether or Have you decided whether you will come or not?
See Exercise 2
Subordinate Conjunctions (LIÊN TỪ PHỤ THUỘC)
As
1. because: As he is my friend, I will help him.
2. when: We watched as the plane took off.
After
1. later in time: After the train left, we went home.
Although or though
1. in spite of the fact that: Although it was after midnight, we did not feel tired.
Before
1. earlier than: I arrived before the stores were open.

2. on the other hand: He is short, whereas you are tall.
Whether
1. if: I do not know whether she was invited.
While
1. at the time when: While it was snowing, we played cards.
2. on the other hand: He is rich, while his friend is poor.
3. although: While I am not an expert, I will do my best.
In addition, the following phrases are often used at the beginning of subordinate clauses.
As if
1. in a similar way: She talks as if she knows everything.
As long as
1. if: As long as we cooperate, we can finish the work easily.
2. while: He has lived there as long as I have known him.
As soon as
1. immediately when: Write to me as soon as you can.
As though
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1. in a similar way: It looks as though there will be a storm.
Even if
1. in spite of a possibility: I am going out even if it rains.
In case
1. because of a possibility: Take a sweater in case it gets cold.
Or else
1. otherwise: Please be careful, or else you may have an accident.
So as to
1. in order to: I hurried so as to be on time.
See Exercise 3
Differing Prepositions and Conjunctions
Meaning Preposition Conjunction
for this reason because of because

2. so If you are sure, then I must believe you.
therefore: for that reason I was nervous; therefore, I could not do my best.
thus: so, in this way He travelled as quickly as possible. Thus, he reached Boston the next day.
As indicated in the following table, several connecting adverbs have meanings similar to those of the
conjunctions and, but or so.
Connecting Adverbs with meanings similar to And, But and So
Similar to And Similar to But Similar to So
also however accordingly
besides nevertheless consequently
furthermore nonetheless hence
likewise Still therefore
moreover thus
See Exercises 5and 6
6
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Paying attention to the meanings of the sentences, and to the presence of inverted word order, fill
in the blanks with the correct coordinate conjunctions chosen from the pairs given in brackets. For example:
1. I opened the door _________ looked out. (and, yet)
2. She was not in the back yard, _________ was she upstairs. (or, nor)
3. The sun had set, _________ it was still light outside. (or, yet)
4. Do you know his address _________ telephone number? (but, or)
5. He has not arrived yet, _________ have they. (and, nor)
6. I read the book, _________ did not understand it. (but, or)
7. We searched diligently, ________ found nothing. (or, yet)
8. I invited him _________ his friends. (and, but)
Answers to Exercise 1.
1. and 2. nor 3. yet 4. or 5. nor 6. but 7. yet 8. and
Exercise 2. Paying attention to the expressions used in the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the
words and, but also, nor, or, than, then and when, as appropriate. For example:
1. I have both respect _________ admiration for them.

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12. ____________ you read this book, you would be sure to enjoy it. (If, Until)
13. The door was open, ____________ we could hear everything. (in case, so)
14. I studied more ____________ he did. (than, whereas)
15. We packed a lunch, ____________ we knew we would soon be hungry. (lest, for)
16. I will join you, ____________ the weather is fine. (providing, than)
17. ____________ he is very busy, he is seldom at home. (Or else, Because)
18. We must hurry, ___________ we will be late. (so that, or else)
Answers to Exercise 3.
1. although 2. until 3. as soon as 4. as though 5. After 6. unless 7. Before 8. Even if 9. since 10. as 11.
supposing 12. If 13. so 14. than 15. for 16. providing 17. Because 18. or else
Exercise 4. For each of the following sentences, paying attention to the structure of the sentence, fill in the
blank with either the conjunction or the preposition given in brackets. For example:
1. We stayed up late, ____________ we were tired. (although, despite)
2. They went swimming, ____________ the coldness of the water. (although, despite)
3. I enjoy the course, ____________ the professor is a good teacher. (because, because of)
4. She looks ___________ your sister. (as if, like)
5. Please wait ___________ I make a phone call. (during, while)
6. Did you hear any noises ____________ the night? (during, while)
7. It looked ____________ we would not be able to leave until the next day. (as if, like)
8. We all felt tired ____________ the hot weather. (because, because of)
9. I read a book ___________ I was waiting. (during, while)
10. Her eyes shone _____________ stars. (as if, like)
11. They managed to work together, ___________ their differences of opinion. (although, despite)
12. I left home early, ____________ I had to do several errands. (because, because of)
13. He speaks about the subject ____________ he were an expert. (as if, like)
14. We rested ____________ the hottest part of the day. (during, while)
15. ____________ she lost her way twice, she arrived safely. (Although, Despite)
16. ____________ their interest in comets, they decided to study astronomy. (Because, Because of)
Answers to Exercise 4.

7. Put less wood on the fire, ___________ it will be too smoky. (or, otherwise)
8. They got off the train. __________ they began to search for a hotel. (And, Then)
9. She studied for many months; ____________, she knew the material thoroughly. (consequently, so that)
10. The weather was hot; ____________, the air was humid. (and, moreover)
11. Please come with us, ____________ I can introduce you to my friends. (thus, so that)
12. The sun was warm, ____________ a cool breeze blew in from the sea. (but, however)
13. I have read this book before; ____________, I do not remember the plot. (but, however)
14. They were hot ____________ tired. (also, and)
15. The door was locked; ____________, we would have waited inside. (or, otherwise)
16. I have known her for many years; ____________, I understand her character well. (so that, thus)
17. We opened the window ____________ fresh air would blow into the room. (consequently, so that)
18. He is ignorant; ____________, he is lazy. (and, furthermore)
19. They visited many stores; ___________, they could not find what they were looking for. (but, however)
20. You should go to sleep now, ____________ you will be tired tomorrow. (or, otherwise)
21. I was worried; ___________, I was determined not to show it. (but, nevertheless)
Answers to Exercise 6.
1. Also 2. and 3. therefore 4. Besides 5. but 6. hence 7. or 8. Then 9. consequently 10. moreover 11. so that
12. but 13. however 14. and 15. otherwise 16. thus 17. so that 18. furthermore 19. however 20. or 21.
nevertheless
Exercise 7. The following sentences are incorrect, because they contain correlative conjunctions, but do not
use parallel construction. Rewrite the sentences correctly, using parallel construction. For example:
1. The train proceeded neither quickly nor was it smooth.
2. They will leave either today or they will go tomorrow.
3. The child hates both getting up in the morning and to go to bed at night.
4. She is neither kind nor has patience.
5. He is not only talented, but also he has charm.
6. The street is lined with both oak trees and there are elm trees.
7. The lecture was not only very long but also it was very dull.
8. You should either eat less, or should exercise more.
9. I am not only proud to be here, but also feel happy to meet you.