MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
AND TRAINING
VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY
INDTITUTE OF ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY RESOURCES

NGUYEN QUOC DUNG
STUDY ON SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR
CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF
SEVERAL IMPORTANT RATTAN SPECIES OF THE
GENERA OF CALAMUS L. AND DAEMONOROPS
BLUME IN CENTRAL VIETNAM
BIOLOGY PHD THESIS
Speciality: Botany
Code: 62.42.01.11
Advisor: 1. Associate Prf. Dr. Ninh Khắc Bản
2. Associate Prf. Dr. Lê Xuân Cảnh
Hanoi, 2013
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PREWORD
1. Thesis necessity
Rattan is the common name of the plant species have spines, mostly vines, and
scale fruits in Palmae (Arecaceae) belong to Monocotyledone.
In Vietnam, rattan with a relatively hight number of species with 49 species
have been recorded in 6 genera (author's survey). Especially notable fauna
endemism of rattan very high (nearly 50% according to research by the author and
his colleagues). Most species of rattan are used people, including nearly 20 species
of economic value to be exploited for commercial use.
Central Vietnam is the one of areas with the largest natural forests in Vietnam.
Average coverage of natural forest in the study area was about 45% of the total land
area. This is most one of the rattan species composition, diversity and rich in

- Thesis proposes a complete model of rattan intensive crop under the forest
canopy in Central areas.
Chapter 1
RESEARCH OVERVIEW
1.1. Overview of Research Issues
1.1.1. The situation overseas study
1.1.1.1. Research on the rattan classification and distribution
O. Beccari is one of the first author's research on rattan studied classification
and genera of Daemonorops and Calamus. Uhl and Dransfield (1987) is the author
synthetic rattan on the globe and around the world have identified about 600 species
of rattan in 13 genera.
John Dransfield published the rattan in the Malay Peninsula (1979), Sabah
(1984) Sarawak (1992), Brunei Darussalam (1997), "Plant Resources of Southeast
Asia - Episode 6: The rattan" (1994); "Genera Palmarum the Evolution and
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classification of Palms", in that Calamoideae described and identified in 619
species, separate group of Calameae in 565 species.
Andrew J. Henderson has described 160 rattan species in South Asia,
including 134 species of Calamus, 22 species of Daemonorops, 7 species in
Korthalsia, 1 species of Myrialepis, 5 species of Plectocomia and 2 species of
Plectocomiopsis.
Evans and colleagues, discovered in 2000 and described four new rattan
species of the genus Calamus in Laos and Thailand, book publishing field guides of
_ (2001), which describe, define distribution 31 rattan species of _ the rattan in Lao
PDR. K. Hourt Eang published a field guide on the rattan (2008), which describes
and identifies the distribution of 18 rattan species in Cambodia.
1.1.1.2. Rattan physiology, ecology and development
Xu Huang et al (2000) studied rattan morphological characteristics in China.
Manokaran, N. (1985) studied ecological factors affecting the recovery and growth of
rattan in several provinces of China for some species of C. Egregius, C. simplicifolius

forest region in Xishuangbana Mengsong community.
1.1.2. Study the situation in Vietnam
1.1.2.1. Species composition and distribution
The first time the rattan published in the book "Flora of Indochina". Pham
Hoang Ho (1993 and 2000) have identified 30 rattan species of the rattan 6 genera.
Vu Van Dung and Le Huy Cuong (1996) suggested that the rattan in Vietnam has 6
genera, 30 rattan species and 1 variatae.
Tran Thi Phuong Anh is one of the authors deeply research on the
classification system the rattan in the research process classification system they
Cau in Vietnam.
Andrew Henderson and colleagues from 2008 to today announced 20 new
rattan species for science. Regarding distribution, Vu Van Dung and Le Huy Cuong
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(1996), Nguyen Minh Thanh studied distribution by elevation, the rattan space
distribution.
1.2.1.2. Study on ecological characteristics and cultivation
Vu Van Dung, Le Huy Cuong (1996) studied the ecology of seedlings, and
ecology of the rattan under the forest canopy. Pham Van Dien (2005) provide
ecological characteristics of the stages of development of the rattan.
Vu Van Dung and Le Huy Cuong (1996) technical guidance rattan species
planted for 2 species of C. tetradactylus and C. platyacanthus. Forest Science
Institute of Vietnam (2000) have studied the project for 5 high value rattans in
Vietnam.
1.1.2.3. Rattan conservation and use
The only document referring to preserve the rattan as the Vietnam Red Data
Book Red Book of Vietnam (Flora 1996) and the Vietnam Red Data Book (2007)
only mention the status of two rattan species of Calamus platyacanthus (VU -
Vulnerable) and Calamus poilanei (EN - endangered).
Regarding the use of the rattan in Vietnam Nguyen Quoc Dung (2006)
evaluated the use, production, market. Ninh Khac Ban et al (2005) analyzed the

2.3.3. Field surveys
- Transect line survey for species collection, collecting all rattan presence,
photographing, marking, delineation distribution.
- Participatory reural appraisal (PRA) to investigate the exploitation, use,
management, rattan market in the study area.
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2.3.4. Plant layout study
- Breeding; experimental layout provenance trials
- Research and physiological lology of characteristics through the analysis of
ecological factors, light, humidity,
- Research techniques of seedlings in nurseries across treatments
- Determine the influence of ecological factors on the growth of D. poilanei
over the experimental formula layout.
- Distribution of site condition
- Leaf anatomy and soil analysis
2.3.5. Handling of specimens and data
Handling specimens, the species composition statistics, describing new rattan
species, assessinh distribution and expansion distribution in the map.
Chapter 3
RESULTS AND FINDINGS
3.1. Status of the rattan resources in the study area
3.2.1. Diverse of the rattan species composition in the study area
3.1.1.1. Species diversity
So far Vietnam has recorded for 49 rattan species in 6 genera. Central Vietnam
found 5 genera, accounting for 83% of genera in the country, and 41 rattan species,
accounting for 84% of the total number of rattan species in the country. This
demonstrates that central area with a rattan species diversity in Vietnam. Therefore,
the interest in the rattan conservation and development in central areas is essential.
Among of the 41 rattan species identified in Central up to 22 endemic species
to Vietnam. In that species distributions are very narrow, usually only found in

Climbing, cluster, about 10m long, 1.5-1.8 cm in diameter with leaf sheath.
This species occurs in Thua Thien Hue (Bach Ma National Park) and Danang (Ba
Na - Nui Chua).
(6) Calamus flavinervis Henderson & N. Q. Dung sp. nov.
Local name: Mây lá vân
Climbing, clusters, 8m long, 1 to 1.3 cm in diameter with leaf sheath, found
only in the province of Khanh Hoa (Khanh Vinh).
(7) Calamus kontumensis Henderson, N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung, sp. nov.
Local name: Mây kon tum
Climbing, clusters, 10 m long, 0.8 to 0.9 cm in diameter steelhead. This
species has only been reported in Kon Tum province (Mang La - Mang Đen)
(8) Calamus parvulus A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung, sp. nov.
Local name: Mây chỉ, Mây rắt chỉ
Climbing, clusters, 10m long, 3mm diameter at all, just find a spot in Khanh
Hoa (Khanh Vinh protection forests)
(9) Calamus phuocbinhensis Henderson & N. Q. Dung sp. nov.
Local name: Mây cát
Climbing, clusters, 8-15m long, 1.3 to 2.1 cm in diameter at all, only to find in
Ninh Thuan province (Phuoc Binh National Park).
(10) Calamus quangngaiensis Henderson & N. Q. Dung sp. nov.
Local name: Mây cật
Stem clusters, 3-4m long, the sheath diameter 1-1, only found in Quang Ngai
(Ba To protection forests)
(11) Calamus seriatus A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung, sp. nov.
Local name: Mây cám
Climbing, clusters, 10m long, 1.8 cm diameter with the sheath, just find a spot
in Khanh Hoa (Khanh Vinh protection forests)
(12) Calamus spiralis Henderson, N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung, sp. nov.
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Local name: Mây cám mỡ

3.1.1.3. Diversity of life forms
- Climbing (37/41 species)
- Non-climbing (3/41 species)
- Clustered (35/41 species)
- Solitary (6/41 species)
- Clusters or solitary 2 species
- Stem branching: 3 species
3.1.1.4. Diversity of habitats
a) Geographical distribution by administrative
Figure 3.1. Number of rattan species in Central Provinces
b) Rattan distribution by elevation
Rattans are mainly distributed in the lower elevation under 700m (37 species),
some 23 species in 700m-1600m, only 4 species uper 1600m. Do not show rattan
distributed at elevations above 2400M.
13
37
23
4
<700m
700-1600m
>1600m

Figure 3.2. Distribution of species by elevation
c) Rattan disstribution in forest types
Rattans are mainly distributed in the evergreen forests; very few species in
bamboo, deciduous or dry forests and grassland. There are no rattan in mangrove
and coniferous forests.
Figure 3.3: Distribution of rattan in forest styles
3.1.2. Assessing the current state of exploitation, use and rattan market
3.1.2.1. The situation of exploitation and use

showed the average length growth in the wild from 0.4 m-1, 23m/year C.
nambariensis only increase the amount of the average length of about a third of C.
tetradactylus.
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3.2.3. Biological basis fof selecting species for conservation
According to the "Guidelines for use of criteria and classification of the IUCN
Red List" (2013, 10.1). According to the criteria, there are 10 species B has a
smaller distribution area 100km2 are classified as Critically Endangered (CR), 6
species distributions from 100km2 to 5000km2 are classified as Endangered (EN),
4 species (20.000km2 range, which are classified as Vulnerable (VU). several
species is not threatened in the wild, while some other species but not in the group
but was ranked overexploitation. 16 topics proposed species-level from VU to CR
3.2.4. Selection rattan species in Calamus and Daemonorops for development.
Fourteen species of high economic value are selected for specific regions.
Among them, note the D. poilanei currently providing materials for the most
popular commodities in Central. Some species are particularly high C. poilanei, C.
viminalis, C. nambariensis just need to take measures to preserve and develop.
In the area there are two machines have very small size, has high ductility and
durability, all stem taper, can be used directly wicker handicraft items without
splitting, which is C. parvulus and C. dioicus.
3.2.5. Researcho on Daemonorops poilanei planting
3.2.5.1. Breeding
Results of 80 clusters selected colonized in 320 investigations. All the selected
clusters have values of internode length, diameter superior to the average value of
all clusters more than ≥ 20% to others.
After 12 months of follow-up in the nursery, the subject was initially selected
three of origin materials (Ha Tinh, Nghe An and Quang Nga). Quang Ngai
materials average number of canes are 7.6; highest number is 12, the smallest
number is 6, the coefficient of variation of 14.38 %, the rate of new shoots is 93%,
an average increase of 2.8 shoots / year.

intensity.
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c) Attraction of water and tissue cells of D. poilanei.
Initial assessment that D. poilanei is in group of medium plants, this group living
in areas of moderate soil moisture.
d) Wilting coefficient of D. poilanei
Experimental results with D. poilanei is wilting coefficient 10,431 (Quang
Ngai) and 9,724 (Ha Tinh). Demonstrate the drought tolerance of D. poilanei in
Quang Ngai lower in Ha Tinh.
e) Heat resistance of D. poilanei
D. poilanei in Quang Ngai has the ability to withstand high temperatures are
not good with plants in Ha Tinh. This is entirely consistent with the climatic
conditions of each region, demonstrating the ability to adapt to ecological
conditions in each region.
f) The intensity of photosynthesis of D. poilanei
D. poilanei in Quang Ngai has higher photosynthetic intensity in Ha Tinh.
Through the the results, in a given time may a preliminary assessment of tree
growth in the Cloud different areas and fully consistent with the rate of chlorophyll.
g) The content of mineral nutrients in leaves of D. poilanei
Metabolic ability of D. poilanei is at average level. This is an easy species,
can grow and develop on sites containing nutrient medium level. This is significant
in the planting and growing replication D. poilanei on many different sites.
h) Effect of light on the growth of D. poilanei at nursery
At the nursery stage lighting affects height growth and number of leaves of D.
poilanei the age of 3 periods (6, 9, 12 months). With the level of cover is 100%
growth in height and number of leaves of D. poilanei is the worst, while in shaded
mode 50% is in the best 3-year-old stage, followed by the regime cover to cover
level of 25%, 75%, 0%.
i) Effect of light to pigment content in leaves of D. poilanei
D. poilanei is shade tolerant species in the nursery stage from 1-12 months

+ c.X
2
2
+ d.X
3
(3.1)
Of which: Y = D
l
x L
l
(3.2)
CECOPOM
NOKpHKcl
X
*52*%
.**
2
1
=
(3.3)
X2 is the canopy;
h.
)DAS/(P
X
3
α
++
=
(3.4)
19

* Annual care
The growth indicators such as number of shoots TB / clusters, the largest
number of buds, minimum, maximum length, the smallest are in care formula 3
times / year are for the highest value, followed by manufacturing care level 2 times /
year, lowest in the care regimen 1 times / year. In care regimen 3 times / year, the
average body length is from 96cm to 99cm in Ha Tinh, Quang Ngai, with the
greatest length of 192 cm and 207cm in Ha Tinh (Quang Ngai).
* Methods of Soil
The different tillage methods greatly affect the growth of plants. With two
measures according to local soil pit, digging holes measures 40 x 40 x 40 cm D.
poilanei largest growth in length, 1.5 times higher than tillage pit measures 30 x 30
x 30 cm.
* Fertilizer
After 3.5 years of initial research can be said that, fertilize D. poilanei is a
technical measure could increase crop yields, improve economic efficiency.
Intensive method is best lined manure fertilizer, fertilizer amount 1kg/ho before
planting and top dressing annual 0.2 kg NPK / pit (NPK fertilizer ratio 5 : 10 : 3),
followed by dressing annual 0.2 to 0.3 kg NPK / pit.
* Effects of light to plant growth under forest canopy
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Integrated Assessment found that growth of D. poilanei formula in canopy
cover from 0.3 to 0.5 body length, the largest number of buds, followed by shading
from 0.1 to 0.3, two formulas canopy > 0.5 and with not nearly the same (detailed
appendix 23).
b) Preliminary evaluation of environmental performance
* Improving soil fertility
The soil texture are average. On the porosity of the soil at planting intensive
model D. poilanei in Ha Tinh is high (58.50 %), while the porosity of the growing
mass model D. poilanei is lower (43.15 %). Thus, we can see that the intensive
growing cloud model compared with models for mass planting, soil fertility change

- Communities use a long time of rattan, have valuable experience.
- Communities is directly affecting Rattan
- Communities management is a good rattan
3.2.1.2. Planning rattan management in community
a) Review the current status of wild rattan
Communities can assess volumms and growth of wild rattan and evaluated in
Nam Giang, Quang Nam province.
b) Evaluation of the extraction
The assessment results are only 3 species for commercial exploitation. So
when planning for sustainable rattan management need attention control
commercial exploitation of the species.
c) Management Plan
- Develop conservation plans for endangered species
Develop a plan for sustainable rattan extraction through clouds yield
calculations. Early mining production / ha = (X 5m reserves tree on the average
amount of plant growth medium) / 5.
Production of rattan is harvested year 2 onwards / ha = ( ( 80 % stocks, 85 %
5m clouds on the amount of cloud storage from 4 - 5m) X average number of tree
growth medium) / 5
3.2.2. Technical proposal rattan regeneration under the forest canopy
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The steps : Define the objects; survey, to assess the status of rattan, rattan
identify additional planting under the forest canopy, density adjustment technique
natural and harvesting techniques in nursery garden households; regeneration
techniques; additional planting techniques
3.2.3. Proposed rattan conservation
3.2.3.1. In situ
Sixtheen rattan species are preposed for conservation in the special use forests
Three new protected areas proposed that are Ba (Quang Ngai), and Hon Heo
and Khanh Vinh (Khanh Hoa)

growth is less than 0.5 m/year, its density is also low in natural that meain to need
solutions appropriate conservation and sustainable exploitation this species in the
wild.
4. On the basis of the criteria of endangered species (Red List IUCN 2013 and
Vietnam Red Data Book 2007) proposed 17 rattan species at risk in the wild is
threatened to be included in conservation programs.
5. Investigate and evaluate market has identified 14 species of rattan with high
value uses, including all species of high economic value in Vietnam were present at
Central. In addition, a number of species of special use by small bodies not being
processed when using the regional specialties.
6. D. poilanei origin materials are selected. 42 months after initial trials
showed that the growth and development of Quang Ngai origin grows best,
followed by the origin of Ha Tinh and Nghe An origin.
7. Monitoring and evaluating the ecological characteristics of D. poilanei
when planting has the following characteristics :
- D. poilanei mature light shade tolerant plant (Cutin has an average thickness
of 76.28 to 78.18 % leaf thickness, intensity of evaporation at low average from
0.68 to 0.83 gH2O/dm2/h, the ratio of chlorophyll a/b from 2.57 to 2.79, the
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intensity of photosynthesis averaged 1.23 to 1.29 mgCO2/dm2/h). The proper
shading from 30-50 %.
- Seeds of D. poilanei are germinate quickly lost strength, difficult to preserve;
seeds can be stored in a variety of different methods such as dry storage, cold
storage, preserving moisture in the sand, but the shelf life of 3 months.
- D. poilanei is shade tolerant plants at the nursery stage from 1-12 months,
shade the appropriate level of 50-75 %, is the most appropriate opacity to 50%.
Potting mixes are most appropriate for D. poilanei growth and development in the
nursery stage from 1-12 months with 88 % of nursery soil + 10 % organic fertilizers
+ 2 % supelan. The seedlings are ready for planting eligible age from 18-24 months,
with 4-8 leaves, healthy, has spines, cane diameter of 0.4 cm or more.