x^
^'
KIM LOAI TIEN NHAT BAN VA CHUYEN BIEN
KINH
TE
XA HOI DANG NGOAI
THE
KY
XVII
(Tiep theo vd het)
.
HOANG ANH
TUAN*
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
3.
Tac dong cua kim loai tien Nhat
Ban den kinh te - xa hoi Dang Ngoai
a. Tdc ddng de'n
tigid bgc/tien
dong
NhQ da trinh bay cl cac
phin
trUdc, cac
trieu dai phong kien Viet Nam tQ the ky
XIII de'n the ky XVIII tim each giam tai sy
thieu hut tien
iQu
hanh trong nQde bang
each
dung bae va vang de trao dd'i tien
ddng Trung Quo'c. Cudi thap nien 1680,

thUc - day qua
Id
mdt chinh sdch
te hai (43).
Mdt
lUdng
Idn kim
loai
Dang Ngodi dung
trao ddi tien ddng Trung Qudc Id
bae n6n
Nhdt Ban, b ca'p dp tha'p hdn
Id loai bae
nen dUdc due tQ ddng bae rials Tay Ban
Nha, eae
loai
ddng bae Ha Lan va rupees
An Dp. Theo each phan
loai
cua thUdng
nhan phUdng Tay, ve ed ban cd 4 loai bae
chinh dUdc
lUu
hanh tren thi trUdng Dang
Ngodi. Loai td't nhd't dUde gpi
Id lysee
100%
bae nguyen chd't; ba
loai
cdn

khau
bae
cua thQdng nhan ngoai qud'e vdo
Ddng Ngodi. Tuy nhien, kho tQ
lieu
VOC
eho chung ta mdt cdi nhin bao qudt ve kim
'
TS.
Khoa Lich sQ - TrQdng Dai hpc KHXH&NV- DHQGHN
54
Rghien
cuu
Lich
siir.
so
1.2010
ngach nhdp khau
loai
kim loai quy ndy tQ
nam 1637 den nam 1668 - nam Mac
Phii
DQc Xuyen nghiem ed'm xuat
khiu
bae
Nhat (46). Trong khoang thdi gian ndi tren,
Qdc tinh khoang 2.527.000 lang ehu yeu la
bae Nhdt (tQdng dQdng 7.000.000.000
guilders Hd Lan) da dQdc VOC dQa vdo
Ddng Ngoai. Sau khi md't ngudn

la bae
Nhdt Ban
vd mdt sd' bae tQ My Latin qua kenh trao
ddi Manila) md Hoa thQdng mang vao
Dang Ngodi khdng
k6m
qua xa
sd'lUdng
bae
ngUdi Hd Lan dUa den. Ben canh dd, cho
de'n nifa dau thdp nien 1630 mdt sd'
lUdng
dang ke bae Nhdt da chay vdo Dang Ngodi
theo thuyen budn
eiia
Hoa - Nhat thUdng
vd ngudi Bd Ddo Nha. Bd qua cac so' lieu
cdn thieu byt tren va ehi tinh den kim
ngach khdp khau
eiia
ngUdi Ha Lan cung
dii
de eho tha'y tam quan trpng
ciia
ngudn
bae
tren
ddi
vdi he thd'ng tien te, vd rdng
hdn la nen kinh te hang hda tren dd md

j^ia
hacltien
ddn^
'Bae
nhap
khdu
•Zeni nhdp khdu
NguSn:
Bdng 1
\l
2;
thfing
tin trfch
luge tiJ Overgekomen
Brieven en Papieren, G/12/I7-1 de'n G/I2/171010
\hDagh-regi.ster Baiavii
1624-1682.
Chii
thich: TI
j
1 gidbac/iien
d6ng:
d6ng ti^n/l
lang
bae;
Bae nhap
kh^u;
x 100 lang;
Ze/i/nhflp
khdu: x

luc ndo cung cd the thu mua/ddi dQdc vdi ti
gid phai chdng (48).
Vdi ba nhdn to' dinh
iQdng
la bae nhdp
khdu, zeni nhap khau vd
ti
gid bac/tien
ddng, bieu dd 1
dUde
xdy dyng
nhim
the
hien cdc xu the dao ddng trong vd'n de ti gid
hdi
dodi qua ede thdi ky khde nhau. Cdn cQ
theo bieu dd 1, khi VOC thiet lap quan he
chinh thQc vdi Ddng Ngodi nam 1637, mdt
lang bae tri gid khoang 2.000 ddng. Vdo
cudi thap nien 1640, ti gid bac/tien ddng
bit diu
suy thoai, dQng d ngQdng
1/1.500
vdo dau thdp nien 1650,
gin
nhQ rdi ty do
xud'ng cdn 1/800 vao thdng 4 ndm 1654, va
cd nguy cd xud'ng thd'p den
1/700-500
trong

iQdng
bae VOC nhdp
khau vdo Ddng Ngoai den trQdc thap nien
1650 da tdc dpng rd't ldn den sy ma't gia
cua bae, ddn den sy sut giam cua
ti
gid
hdi
dodi bac/tien ddng. Trong nam 1653, nhdn
vien Hd Lan tai Thang Long nhan thd'y
mpt xu the rat phd bien: ti gid
bdi
dodi
thudng suy giam
trim
trpng vdo thdi diem
tdu budn ngoai qud'e den Dang Ngodi. Vi
the,
nhan vien thQdng diem VOC tai Ke
Chd lap ke hoach ddi
bae
trQdc hoac sau
mua mau dich de giam bdt sy thua thiet.
Day la mdt ke hoach thieu tinh kha thi bdi
thUdng diem se rat thu dpng trong budn
ban (49). Nam 1660,
Resimon
- thUdng
nhan
ngudi

khdng cd can cQ, mac du khdng
hodn todn chinh xdc.
Bieu
dd-1
cung ddng thdi phan anh mdt
hien tQdng thu vi khdc: trdi vdi xu the
ti
le
ngbich giQa san
iQdng
bae nhdp khdu vd ti
gia
hdi
doai, viec nhap khau tien zeni Nhat
ti le thuan vdi - tham chi cdn kich thich -
chieu hQdng hdi phuc cua ti gid
hdi
dodi
bac/tien ddng. Sau khi
thii
nghiem tieu thu
thanh cdng tien zeni nam 1661, ngQdi Ha
Lan thQdng xuyen nhap khau tien zeni vdo
Ddng Ngoai den tan nQa cudl thdp nien
1670.
Khdng nghi ngd gi nQa, viec VOC
(cung nhQ Hoa thQdng) gidi thieu thdnh
cdng vd nhdp khau deu dan tien zeni trong
hai thap nien 1660 vd 1670 da giup Ddng
56

diu
thdp nien
1680,
ti
gid
hdi
dodi bac/tien ddng da cd ban
trd ve ngudng cua thdp nien 1630, dQng b
miic trung binh
1/2.200
(51). Nhd ngudn
cung ed'p tien zeni ddi ddo, khdng chi sy
khan hiem tram trpng tien ddng - vd'n da
anh hQdng nghiem trpng nen kinh te Dang
Ngodi trong sud't thdp nien 1650 - dUde giai
quyet triet de, md ti gid bae
hdi
doai
bac/tien ddng cung hdi sinh manh me trong
cdc thdp nien cudl
ciia
the ky XVII.
b. Tdc ddng de'n gid cd
Khao sdt xu the chung
eiia
gid ea b Viet
Nam the ky XVII va XVIII, nhd nghien cQu
Nguyen Thdnh Nha da nhan xet rd't xac
dang
ring

Vd bdi gao la san pham mang tinh ban
le.
gia ca cua cdc san pham khde cd chieu
hQdng dao ddng xung quanh
vipc
tang hoac
giam ciia gia gao. Ndi tdm lai, gia mua vd
bdn cdc san pham phu thupc chat che vao
sy hpi thu cua mua vu ndng nghiep, bao
gdm ca thu hoach
(Jau tim
- vdn rd't can
cho ngdnh thu cdng nghiep td vd lua. Gid
ca thQdng tdng trong nhQng
nam
md't mua
ddn de'n khan hiem hdng hda va
lUdng
thyc,
nhung sdm trd lai trang thai binh dn
khi mua vu sau dUdc mua. Gia ca cung bi
anh budng nghiem trpng khi tien ddng
khan hiem d Dang Ngoai.
Cd hai nhdm gia ca chinh thu hut sy
quan tam dac biet cua ngUdi Hd Lan cung
nhu cdc thUdng nhan ngoai qudc khdc budn
ban tai Dang Ngodi. Nhdm thQ nhd't - ddng
thdi Id nhdm dUdc quan tdm nhd't - bao
gdm ede thUdng pham dia phUdng ddnh cho
xud't khau, dac biet

hang ngdy. TQdng ty
nhQ,
bode tham chi cdn phy thupc chat che
hdn, cac thQdng pham xud't khau, gid ca cac
Kim loai tien
Rl^al B&n
va chuyen
biefn
57
Bang
3:
Gia mot so san pham tor lua xua't
khau tai Dang Ngoai nam 1642
Td sd'ng
Sittouw
(taddu?)
Que
Sumongij
Baa
Hockiens (hoang
quy
in?)
Pelings
(linh ?)
Zenuwasche [?]
hockiens
Nhung
Chio
152.380
3.400

Nsnidn:
Tfnh
to^n lil
VOC
1146,
Governor
Paulus
Traudenius
10
Antonio van
BrouckhorsI,
Dec.
1642,
fos.
708-711.
Chii
thich:
1
lang bae
= 2 guilders
17
stuivers
=
khodng 2.000
dSng ti^n
(500
dfing
=
1
quan).

Dang Ngodi cung thdi diem. Vao nam 1642,
mdi ngay mpt nhan vien thQdng diem Ha
Lan tai Ke Chd tieu trung binh 129 ddng;
cac
loai
thyc
phim
thQdng dQdc mua
la
gd,
ngdng, ca, gao, rau, trQng, eua, tdm, qua
Ba mQdi nam sau, khau
phin
an hdng
ngdy cua moi nhan vien thQdng diem Anh
Id 223 ddng (56).
•• LQdng ehi tieu tren Id qua cao so vdi
mQc sd'ng cua dai da sd thQdng dan Ddng
Ngodi, ndi mpt ngUdi thd mpc bode thd det
dia phUdng khd ed the Idm ra 40 ddng mdi
ngdy (57). Trong thap nien 1690, mdi
chiee
bat
an
edm cua Ddng Ngodi md ngUdi Anh
thu mua de dUa sang An Dp ed gid trung
binh 3,7 ddng. NhU vay, mpt ngudi thd gd'm
can phai ban khoang 30 san
phim
bat an

Ngodi tQdng
ddi
nhd nen khd cd the tac
dpng den gia ca sinh boat vd dich vu tren
pham vi ldn.
c. Tdc ddng den nhdn
liic
Trong nghien cQu cua minh ve tac dpng
ciia
cdc cdng ty Ddng An chdu Au den kinh
te Bengal sd ky cdn dai, nhd nghien cQu
ngQdi An Dp Om Prakash ke't ludn: "hien
thyc cua sy tdng trQdng ngoan mue trong
thu nhdp,
diu
ra vd sQ dung nhan cdng
xud't phdt tQ viec nen mdu dich giQa chdu
Au vd Bengal khdng phai la mdt nen mdu
dich
'Tainh
thQdng" lien quan de'n boat ddng
trao ddi hdng hda Id'y hang hda, ma la mpt
nen mdu dich thien ve trao ddi kim
loai
quy
ld'y hdng hda, ham nghla ve thdng dQ xud't
khau cho Bengal" (59).
Cin
phai khdng
dinh ngay tQ

Id
vd'n de
nhdn cdng lao ddng, trong the ky XVII.
De
chi
ra dQdc nhQng tac dpng cua ngoai
thUdng
den tinh hinh sil dung nhan lyc,
nhd't
Id
nhan lyc trong ngdnh thu cdng
nghiep td lua, thiet
nghi cin
khai qudt tinh
hinh san xud't td lua vd vai vdc tai Ddng
Ngodi the ky XVII. NhQng ghi chep cua
ngQdi phQdng Tay cho thd'y san
iQdng
td
lua san xua't hang ndm tai Ddng Ngodi da
tdng len ddng ke trong nQa
diu
the ky
XVII. Mdt so' trung tam td lua phat trien
ngay trong hoac gan pham vi kinh thdnh
Thang Long (60). Mae du vay, mot
khdi
iQdng
ldn td sd'ng vd lua tam vdn dQdc ndng
dan san xud't hdng nam d ndng thdn dQdi

td
lua
san xud't hdng ndm vdn
rd't ldn, dap Qng
dii
nhu cau thu mua ciia
ngQdi nude ngodi do mpt
sdlUdng
ldn hd gia
dinh tham gia san xud't.
Trong giai doan 1637-1699, VOC
diu
tU
khoang 13.524.028 guilders chu yeu vao
san
phim
td
lua
Dang Ngodi, tUdng dUdng
vdi 215.000 guilders mdi nam (62). Thdi ky
ndy cung chQng kien sy phdt trien manh
me
ciia
nen
mau
dich
ciia
Hoa thUdng vdi
mien blc Viet Nam. Mac du chung ta
khdng ed tu lieu ehi tiet ve

ngUdi Hd Lan vd ngQdi Hoa giai doan
1637-1700 da len tdi 22.523.380 guilders,
tQdng dQdng vdi 350.000 guilder mdi ndm -
chQa ke de'n cac khoan
diu
tU
ciia
eae
thudng nhan ngoai qud'e khdc, ddng chu y
Id
ngUdi Nhdt vd ngUdi Bd Ddo Nha trong
giai doan trUde dd cung nhu ngUdi Anh va
Phdp trong khoang 3 thdp nien cudi the ky
XVII (64).
Vay
khdi lUdng
Idn vdn dau tU ndy da
tac dpng nhu the ndo den nganh
thii
cdng
nghiep td lya Dang Ngodi, cu the hdn Id sd
lUdng
nhan cdng lao dpng? Mae du khd cd
the dUa ra con so' chinh xac cho cau hdi
tren, hien thyc phat trien ngoan mue
ciia
ngdnh td lua Dang Ngodi trong
niia diu
the ky XVII gidn tiep cho thd'y nhu cau Idn
cung nhu ngudn vd'n

pieul
(tUdng dudng 90 ta'n) td sd'ng vd
khoang 6.000 td'm lya cdc loai nhu pelings,
baas, chio, sumongij, hockiens (65).
Mpt dieu chac
chin Id
mpt sd'
lUdng
ldn
nhdn lyc da tham dy, du trye tiep hay gidn
tie'p,
vdo viec san xud't
khdi lUdng
ldn san
phdm td lua ndi tren. Viec cdc ngudn tU
lieu khdng cung ed'p thdng tin chi tiet ve
san
lUdng
td lya trung binh do mdi hp gia
dinh san xua't
bupe
chung ta phai suy ludn
tren cd sd nhQng dQ lieu
lien
quan va mang
tinh dai dien. Theo ket qua khao sat
gin
day tai mdt sd hd san xud't td
lya
truyen

trong san xud't) thu hoach khoang 10 can
(166,5 catties) td sd'ng mdi mua, d mQc gid
trung binh 3,5 guilders/catty, moi hp thu
nhdp khoang 60 guilders tQ boat ddng san
xud't td lya.
(3
mot xQ sd thuin ndng nhQ
Dang Ngodi - ndi gid ca ede mdt hdng xoay
quanh gid gao - 60 guilders ed the mua
dQdc khoang 39 piculs (tQdng dQdng 2,3
tan) gao b
mile
gid 15 tien (khoang 1,5
guilders) moi pieul. Sd gao ndi tren nhin
chung tQdng
ddi
dQ dat cho mpt hd gia dinh
vdi trung binh 5 nhan khau.
Phai
IQU
y mdt dieu
Id ph6p
tinh tren
ddn thuan mang tinh cd hpc gian ddn bdi
nd chQa xet den ede vd'n de lien quan nhQ
ndng ddn trong thyc te thQdng phai bdn
mdt
iQdng
san pham nhd't dinh eho chinh
quyen d mQc gia thd'p nhieu gid thi trQdng

tren thi trQdng khu vyc vd qudc te thi san
pham Ddng Ngodi lai nhanh chdng ddnh
md't vi the eua minh (66).
Theo ghi nhdn cua ngUdi Hd Lan, tQ
cudl thap nien 1660 ngQdi Dang Ngodi bat
diu
chuyen nhieu bai trdng dau sang canh
tdc lua vd boa mdu - he qua cua mdt nen
thu cdng nghiep td lya dang tren dd suy
thodi do md't thi trQdng tieu thy Nhdt Ban.
ThQdng diem Hd Lan cho biet nhQng ndm
gan day thd det Ddng Ngodi thQdng khdng
tien hdnh cdng viec mdt cdch ehu ddng md
dpi den khi thQdng nhdn nQde ngoai dd den
giao tien dat hdng. Vdo cudl thdp nien
1680,
"thQdng nhdn thQdng phai
iQu
tru 3
hdac 4 thdng sau khi dat tien mdi cd the
nhdn dQdc hang bdi vi ddm thd ngheo chi
thue dQdc khi tdu vdo ben vd tien cdng da
dQdc trao" (67). Sy suy thodi trong san xud't
vd budn ban td
lua
tac dpng khdng chi den
ndng ddn, thd thu cdng md ea ede giai tang
60
Rghien curu Lich
sJr.

qude khdc nhdp khau vdo Dang Ngodi giai
doan 1637-1700. Tuy nhien, viec phan tich
ba vd'n de cd ban
la
ti gia
hdi
doai bae/tien
ddng, gia ca hang hda vd ngudn nhan
lyc
tham gia vao mdt sd' ngdnh
thii
cdng
nghiep mui nhpn (td
lya,
gd'm sQ) cung da
cho thd'y hien thyc ve tdc dpng manh me,
trye tie'p vd hang xuyen cua bae, ddng vd
tien ddng den sy md rpng cua ngoai
thQdng, vd rpng hdn Id todn bd nen kinh te
hdng
hda.
Dang Ngodi the ky XVII. Thay vi
lap lai cac ket ludn vd'n da dQdc dQa ra day
dd trong bdi viet dan xen vdi viec phan tich
dQ lieu, phan ket ludn xin khdi qudt ve
mang
ludi
trao ddi kim loai tien te qud'e te
the ky XVII vd dinh vi Dang Ngodi trong
cac ludng mdu dich kim loai ndi tren.

revolution) tai chau Au the ky XVI (68). Va
gin
day Gunder Frank da khai quat hoa
mpt each thuyet phuc xu the va tac dpng
ciia
cac ddng di chuyen kim
loai
quy den
kinh te' va xa
hpi
chau A, tieu bieu la xa hpi
Trung Qude, giai doan can dai sd ky (69).
Theo dd, xung
lyc
manh me vd tac dpng
hang xuyen cua cac ddng kim
loai
tien te
(ke ca cac ddng chay cua kim
loai
Nhdt
Ban) de'n cac nen kinh te chau A thdi ky
ndy
la
dieu khdng the
phii
nhan.
Vdi Ddng Ngoai, ne'u nhU the ky XVI
mien bae Viet Nam vdn hi cd
lap

VOC vdi Nhat Ban (72). Trong bdi canh
td
lua
Trung Quo'c khan hiem tren thi
trUdng khu vUc va quo'c te, td
lua
Dang
Ngoai trd thanh
chiee
chia khda van nang
de VOC mcl toang canh ciia thi trUdng kim
loai
quy Nhat Ban
nhim
thu mua bae,
ddng, tien ddng, vang -
loai
vo'n dau tU
khdng the thieu cho nen thUdng mai "kim
loai
ddi hang hda"
(bullion-for-goods
trade)
ciia
Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan tai phUdng
Ddng. ThUe te tren da gdp phan dUa Dang
Ngoai trd thanh mot
mIt xich
tUdng
ddi

eiia
kinh
te hang hda rieng, bien ddi kinh te xa hdi
ndi chung, d Dang Ngodi the ky XVII se
hQdng nhieu hdn den viec tim hieu ye'u td
ngoai sinh nay ben canh nhQng ye'u to' npi
sinh vd'n da vd dang dQdc phan tich khd ky
trong cdc cdng trinh nghien cQu tQ trQdc
de'n nay.
CHU THICH
(43).
Samuel Baron,
"A
Description
of the
Kingdom
of
Tonqueen",
in
John Pinkerton (ed.),
A
Collection
of
the Best
and
Most Interesting Voyages
and Travels
in AU
Parts
of the

heu
Khoa Lich
sQ,
TrUdng Dai hoc KHXH&NV,
DHQGHN.
, , .^, ,,, ,
(46).
Xem so
lieu
chi
tiet
vi
hoat
dpng nh9p
kha'u
bae
vao Dang Ngoai
cua
VOC
tU
Bang
1.
(47).
Xem cac
phan
tich
ve
hoat ddng
nhllp
kh^u bae

(51).
Sd
lieu trich
lUdc
tQ
nhat
ky
va
tai
lieu
kinh doanh ciia thudng diem
Anh tai
Dang Ngoai:
BL OIOC G/12/17-1:
fos.
41-55;
G/12/17-3:
fo. 169;
G/12/17-6:
fo. 272. Xem
them hoat dong nhap
khiu tien zeni Nhat
vao
Dang Ngoai trong
cac
ph£n
trudc
cua bai
viet.
(52).

Nhat
Ban)
tif:
Hoang
Anh
Tua'n, Silk
for
Silver,
pp.
143-164.
(54).
Tinh toan
til so'
lieu trong Buch,
"La
Compagnie" (1937), pp. 183-184.
(55).
VOC 1140,
Specificatie
van de on-
ende
montcosten anno 1642
in
Tonquin gevallen.
(56).
Tinh toan
tU
VOC
1140,
Specificatie

Thanh Nha, Tableau economique
du
Vietnam.
(58).
BL
OIOC G/12/17-9, Tonkin factory
records,
25
Dec. 1693,
fo. 340.
62 Rghien
eiiru
Lich siir. so
1.2010
(59).
Om Prakash,
"Bulhon
for Goods", pp. 159-
187;
Om Prakash, The Dutch East India Company
and the Economy of Bengal 1630-1720 (Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1985), pp. 234-248.
Xem them: Femme Gaastra,
"Geld
tegen
Goederen: Een Structurele Verandering in het
Nederlands-Aziatisch Handelsverkeer", Bijdragen
en Mededelingen Betreffende de Geschiedenis der
Nedertanden 91-2 (1976), pp. 249-272.
(60).

tnic thUdng mai
VOC-Dang Ngoai cung thdi diem. Trong nhiing
nam dau ciia
quan he vdi Ayutthaya (tii nam
1604),
VOC toan tinh
sQ
dung Xiem nhu
cQa
ngd
de md quan he vdi Trung Quo'c
va
thu mua thUdng
pha'm Trung Hoa. Sau dd Xiem trd thanh nguon
cung ca'p
lUdng
thuc (chu yeu la gao) eho Batavia
va cac thudng pham
xuS't kh£u
sang Nhat,
Formosa, Malacca, An Do, chau Au. Mae du
vay,
vin
ed the nhan tha'y rang kim ngach cua VOC
trong buon ban vdi Dang Ngoai the ky XVII diing d
miie
tUdng dd'i cao so vdi Xiem, dac biet la vdi Lao
va Campuehia (Ve budn ban ciia VOC tai Lao
va
Campuehia, ed the tham khao tii Buch, "La

rSng
moi thuyen
Chau An Nhat ra budn ban d Ddng Nam A mang
theo trung binh 50.000 lang
bae
(hoac 155.000
guilders). Neu ta cha'p nhan con so Ude
lUdng
tren
ciia
Iwao, khoang 2.000.000 lang
bae
(hoac khoang
6.200.000 guilders) da dUdc thuy§"n Chau a'n Nhat
dUa den Dang Ngoai tii nam 1604 den
nam
1635.
Seiichi Iwao, Shuin-sen Boeki-Shi no Kenkyu
[Nghien
cQu
hoat dong
mSu
dich Chau An thuyen]
(Tokyo: Kobundo, 1958), pp. 49, 269.
(65).
Dagh-register Batavia 1636, 69-74. Xin
xem them tii Hoang Anh Tua'n, "Mau dich td lua
cua Cdng ty Dong An Ha Lan vdi Dang Ngoai,
1637-1670", Tap
chi

ky
XVII:
TU
lieu
va
nhan thiic",
T^p
chi Nghien ciu Lich si
11/2007, tr. 26-39.
,v^
i i
=r;!
.
-i^l,'
n
Kim logi
Hdn
RI}^
Bin va
ehuyin
bi6i
63
(67).
William Dampier, Voyages and Discoveries
(London: The Argonaut Press, 1931), p. 49.
, ,- _
(68).
Earl J. Hamilton, American Treasure and
the Price Revolution in Spain (Cambridge, Mass.,
1934).

tiln
t§ vio chflu
A trong:
Frank, Reorient: Global Economy in the Asian Age,
pp.
131-164.
(70).
Xem
lufln diim
vk khdi qudt hda vl
Thang Long ciing nhU
Dang
Ngoai ndi chung trong
bdi
canh hai thudng khu vUc
thi
ky XVI tQ:
Anthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the Age of
Commerce 1450-1680 (Vol. II: Expansion and
Crisis) (New Haven:
Yale
University Press, 1993),
pp.
62, 63, 71
va
cac trang
tilp
theo.
(71).
Femme Gaastra, De Geschiedenis van de

td sdng va cac phe
ph^m
cua td
t^m
vao
nu6c Phap se tang
len
340
tri$u
francs.
Vl nhQng
budc
cai tie'n tie'p theo, Phai
dodn cho
rling:
cac dyng cy Udm td
d$t lya
dang
dU<?c
Nha Canh
ndng-ThUcJng
m^
Bdc
K^
Ua chupng chu ye'u Id
phye
vy san xua't
cua cac gia dinh. Thdi
giein
tdi, phai tim each