DAI HOC QUdc GIA HA NQI

SU VAN DONG CUA CAC THE LOAI
TRONG VAN HOC VIET NAM THE KY XX
Ma s o : CB.01.03

Chutridetai

: PGS. TS Ly Hoai Thu

Can bp phoi hap nghien curu : ThS. Pham Xuan Thach

Ha Noi, thang 9 - 2003


MUC LUC
Trang
Lin noi ddu

1

Mot so van de ly luan ve The loai van hoc

2

Chuong 1: Su van dong cua tieu thuyet Viet Nam trong 50 nam
dau the ky (tir 1900-1945)

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1.1. Ti^u thuyet Viet Nam giai doan 1900-1930


Tai lieu tham ichao

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LCJINOIDAU

Trong ddi sdng van hoc, loai th^ la aiot ye'u to v6 cung quan trong bdi no
"phan anh nhitng khuynh hudng phat tri^n lau dai va ben vflng cua van hoc".
Trong chuong trinh dao tao cua nganh van hoc (ki ca dao tao dai hoc va
sau dai hoc), loai th^ van hoc ciing la mot m6n hoc quan trong. Ngoai chuong
trinh giang day nlm trong giao trinh Ca sa ly luqn van hoc, hien nay d Khoa
Van dang cd mot so chuyen dl, chuyen sau danh cho sinh vien nam thii 4 va
hoe vien cao hoc nhu "Tha va mtfy v & dl trong tha Viet Nam hien dai", "Ti^u
thuyet Viet Nam hien dai", "Kich Viet Nam hien dai"... Viec ket hgp nhiing
v£n de ly thuye't va thuc tiln van hoc sinh dong la mot yeu cau ludn luon
mang tinh khoa hoc va cdn thie't.
Hon nOa, hien nay, viec nghien cuii ly luan van hoc tir gdc do th^ loai
nhu dac trung thi loai, thi phap th^ loai... dang cho nhieu ke't qua kha quan,
dang tin cay.
La mot giao vien chuyen trach giang day phfo Loai the van hoc (ca
chucmg trinh ca sd va chuyen de), xuS^t phat tir nhiing ly do tren chung tdi da
lira chon de tai "SM* van dong cua cdc the loai trong van hoc Viet Nam the ky
XX'' cho cong trinh nghien cuu ciia minh.
Tuy nhien, vi noi dung bao quit cua de tai la qua rong, thdi gian can
duge khao sat la qua dai, dien mao th^ loai la ra't phong phii, chinh vi vay, de'
dam bao tinh tap trung va chat che ciia va'n de, ve mat thdi gian, ehiing toi xin
gidi han d pham vi 50 nam d^u the' ky trong dd dien ra mot budc ngoat quan
trong nha't danh da'u tien trinh hien dai hoa cua van hoc Viet Nam - giai doan

ma ben canh mat on dinh, "di truyen", lai luon cd nhiing bie'n dong, doi thay,
tao nen nhieu bien the' vd ciing phong phii. Ciing theo Bakhtin: " 6 the loai bao
gid Cling bao luu nhiing yeu td ca sa, bat tir. That ra cii ca sd nay duge bao
luu d the' loai ehi nhd vao sir ddi mdi thudng xuyen, cd the ndi la nhd dugc
hien dai hoi. The loai bao gid ciing vira la nd, vira khdng phai la nd, no bao
gid cung vira cu ky, vira mdi me. The loai dugc tii sinh, dugc ddi mdi qua
timg giai doan phit trien van hoc va qua ttmg tic pham ei biet cua the loai
nay. Day la sir sdng cua the' loai. Bdi vay, cii e6 sa edn dugc bao luu d the loai
khdng phai la cii c6 sa chet ciing ma la cii c6 sa vinh viln sdng dong, tiic la
cii c6 sa cd nang lire ddi mdi. The loai, sdng bang hien tai, nhung luon luon

M. Bakhtin; "Nhung v£a 66 thi phap D6xt6iepxJd", NXB Giao due, 1993. tr.lOl


nhd d€h qua khti cua minh, khdi nguyen cua minh. Th^ loai - la ke dai dien
cua ky ilc sang tao trong qua trinh phat tri^n cua van hoc. Chinh vi vay, the
loai cd nang luc dam bao tinh thdng nhS^t va tmh lien tuc cua su phit trie'n £iy.
Bdi ih€, di hiiu diing thi loai, phai lin len ngon nguon cua nd^*\
Ve mat nguyen ly, cic thi loai van hoc dugc hinh thanh, phit triin va
bie'n mft trong qui trinh van ddng ciia van hoc la hien tugng phit trien bmh
thudng. Chinh ca sd xa hdi, nhu cdu nhan thiic, thi hi^u cua cong chiing van
hoc la nhihig yeu td quan trong se qui dinh su phit triln cua cic thi loai van
hoc. Da timg cd trong ky lic nhan loai mot thdi dai nghe thuat huy hoang vdi
nhiing tic phim anh hiing ca c6 dai HyLa ndi tiehg nhu Iliit va Odixe. Nhiing
tic phim nay dugc ra ddi trong nhiing di^u kien cua thdi ky c6 dai va la san
pham cua mot hinh thii tu duy nghe thuat va chiu su chi phdi nang ne ciia the'
gidi quan thin linh. Khi ca sd vat cha't ciia xa hdi phit triin, tu duy nghe thuat,
su nhan thiic cua con ngudi ve the gidi xung quanh khdng edn qui hdn nhien,
ngay tha... ciing cd nghia la cic thi loai anh hung ca c6 diin da khdng edn
"da't" de phit triin. Cic kiiu md phdng ve sau nhu tic pham La-Hang ri et deu

Di khdi ddu cho su khao sit ciia minh, chiing tdi chon md'c thdi gian
nhiing nam diu th^ ky XX nhu la tim vl vdi cdi ngudn cua su hmh thanh thi
loai theo dung tinh thin cua Bakhtin. Cdng trinh cua chiing tdi se tap trung
vao 2 ndi dung Idn sau day:
1. Tilu thuye't Viet Nam tir 1900 den 1945.
2. Tha Viet Nam tir 1900 den 1945.


Chiromg 1:
Sir VAN D O N G CUA Tifiu THUYl^T VI$T NAM TRONG
50 NAM DAU T H £ KY (TlT 1900-1945)

1.1. Tieu thuyet Viet Nam giai doan 1900-1930
Tir trudc de'n nay, cd quan niem cho rang, phai de'n nhiing nam 19301945, van hoc Viet Nam ndi chung va van xudi ndi rieng mdi budc vao qui
trinh hien dai hoi. Su thuc thi nhiing budc ehuyin ddng diu tien din den cdng
cudc hien dai hoi cd thi tinh tir nhiing nam diu the' ky 20 (tham chi la cd thi
edn liii de'n tan cudi nhiing nam 80 cua the ky 19).
Budc sang the' ky 20, van chuong Viet Nam khdng edn gidi han trong
khudn khd chat hep cua Thi, Phii, Truyen, ngam ca. Cic nha van da rat cd y
thiic trong viec xay dung mdt nen van hoc vdi su bd sung cic thi loai nhu tilu
thuye't, truyen ngln... Nhiing thi van xudi ma ho da dugc hoc, dugc doe nhieu
va trd nen quen thudc trong van hoc Tay phuang - cu thi la van hoc Phap.
Mae diu thdi ky diu edn mang nhieu dau tich ciia van Ndm, cang vl sau,
ngdn ngii van chuong cang chiu anh hudng ciia cau van Tay va ngdn ngir
Phip. Ve van tu, chii qudc ngii da thay the' chii Ndm ciia Nho gia va trd thanh
thii chii Viet chinh thiic tir day.
Ddng gdp dac lire vao cdng cudc duy tan, trudc he't la vai trd cua hai td
bio Idn: Ddng Duong tap ehi cua Nguyln Van Vmh va Nam Phong tap chi
ciia Pham Quynh. Cd thi khang dinh rang: Ddng Duong tap chi va Nam
Phong tap ehi da giir mot vai trd trong ye'u trong van hoe Viet Nam vao nhiing

Phap (Doan trudng Tan Thanh). Cd le xuat phat tir thuc te' duong thdi Nguyln
Van Vmh cho rang: Viec dich thuat la mot giai doan cin thiet ehuan bi cho
viec sang tic. Ong ndi: "Bay gid nhiing ngudi doe dugc cic sich hay ciia
ngoai qudc ma c6 dem tieng ban qudc dich ra ro dugc it nao hay chiit a'y thi
ngudi xem den dau khdng bie't dugc het nghTa nhung ciing rd dugc dai khii.
Khi da cd nhieu ngudi nghe phang phic dugc cii tu tudng cua ngudi ta rdi liic
bay gid cd mugn tu tudng iy ma lam ra sich Ndm ta thi mdi cd nhieu ngudi


hiiu... Chung tdi biet rang sich dich ra bay gid ddi sau la cd ngudi che nhung
cd thi mdi goi la tien bd, chiing tdi se thoa Idng rang: minh da cd cam neu len
rude cho nen mdi cd ke theo hut sau"^**. Theo Thanh Lang trong "Ban luge dd
van hoc Viet Nam" thi Nguyln Van Vmh dich rit nhieu va rit mau - ong luon
cd hai thu ky lam viec d ben canh, mot ngudi doc cho dng nghe cau van tieng
Phip, nghe de'n dau, dng dich ludn den diy va doc len lap tiie cho ngudi thii
k^ thii hai bien chep. Vao thdi bu6i mdi phdi thai, khich quan ma xet, Nguyln
Van Vmh vdi su nghiep dich thuat dugc phd bie'n rong rai tren mat bio da cd
cdng trong viec xay dung mot Idi van mdi. Ong da day cdng luyen tap cau van
tilu thuye't, don dudng cho nhiing sing tic sau nay. Van chuong Viet Nam
dang d trong tinh trang chap chiing, "bap be" (chii cua Nguyln Van Vmh) da
cd nhiing budc trudng thanh ciing cip. "Tir nhiing cau van khdng diit khoit
ciia Truong Vinh Ky, tir nhiing bai bio ngd ng^n hdi diu the ky 20 cho den
cic ban dich cua Nguyln Van Vmh va cie ban cua dng, cau van Viet Nam da
de'n mdt budc dai khdng ude lugng duge"^**\
Nhd sir va cham vdi cau van Phip, cau van Viet Nam ciing trd nen tinh
te, mim mai, nd cd thi diln ta mot cich sau sac va day du nhiing y tudng
phiie tap cd trong van chuong Phip. Qua nhiing ban dich vdi dieu van em
dim, hoc gia Viet Nam cd dip lam quen vdi nhiing van hao ndi tie'ng Phip; va
thay dugc sir giau cd, phong phii ciia cic thi van xudi cua mot nin van hoe
dugc nudi duong bang ten tu6i cua rat nhilu nha tilu thuye't Idn.

mot "dinh nghia" vl tilu thuyet: "La mdt truyen viet bang van xudi dat ra dl
ta tinh tu ngudi ta, phong tuc xa hdi hay la nhiing su tich la du lam cho ngudi
doc cd hiing thii". Sau dd, dng chi ra phuong phip, cich xay dung mot cudn
tieu thuyet ma theo dng, tit ca nghe thuat viet truyen cua Phip cd thi tdm gon
trong miy chii: "Sing tao ra cudc ddi", nghia la xay dung duge nhiing nhan
vat ciing hanh ddng nhu ngudi ching khic gi, chi khic la khi thin thiet manh
liet hon phin nhilu ngudi thudng ma thdi". Ciing theo Pham Quynh, viet mot
cudn tilu thuye't, bdi vay la sing tao ra nhiing khung canh, nhiing trudng hgp
va nha't la nhiing nhan vat rdi day phai hoat ddng trong nhiing khung canh,
nhiing trudng hgp ay. Tai nghe cua nha van, suy cho cimg la "bia dat ra mot
truyen huyin ma vin can cii d su thuc, khien cho ngudi doc vin biet rang
truyen khdng thuc ma khdng thi khdng tin dugc, vi nhiing nhan vat, nhiing
tinh tiet trong truyen tuy khdng thuc ma vi cd phep gi bie't ra thuc dugc, thdi
tudng trinh bay hanh ddng ra de'n the' ma thdi, khdng khic gi"^*\ Trong phin
khao ciiu ma Pham Quynh goi la phin "phd diln", dng da ban ky ludng vl van
tir cua tilu thuyet: "Trong cic Idi hanh van thi Idi van tieu thuyet chinh la van
tu sir, nghia la kl chuyen... Cich phd diln tuy vin phai dung Idi van tu sir
nhilu, ma edn phai tham bic nhilu Idi khic niia nhu ta canh, ta hinh, van dap
v.v... Cd thi ndi trong mdt bd tilu thuye't khdng cd Idi van gi la khong diing -

'•* Thanh Lang, Sdd, ir. 463, 464.

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van tilu thuyet that la gdm ca cic Idi van"^*\ Cudi cimg, Pham Quynh dua ra
mdt vai md hinh tilu thuyet dang thinh hanh d Phip nhu tilu tiiuyet ngdn tinh,
tilu thuye't ta thuc, tilu thuye't truyin ky... va nhan xet: ddi vdi nha tilu
thuylt Ddng phuong, ii tinh chi la mot dd trang hoang edn ngudi phuong
Tay dem dat tinh ii d trung tam moi hanh ddng. Coi nd nhu mot ddng co

ehgt den choi nha Td Tam thiy trong trap may cua nang cd hai chii V, L dan
nhau (ten rieng ciia 2 ngudi). Ca hai da tay trong tay thdn thiie va tinh yeu
ehuyin sang mot trang mdi. Ho thu di tir lai thudng xuyen vdi nhiing Idi tho 16
thim thiet. Nhung tdi day, tinh yeu da lam vao hoan canh be tic - cha me
Dam Thuy da dinh hdn cho con va chang ciing khdng du can dam de ehdng lai
quyet dinh cua cha me nen da cho Td Tam hay. Nhung Td Tam quan niem
"yeu de ma yeu" nen vin tiep tuc say sua vdi hien tai mac sir de doa ciia ngay
mai. Ho ciing nhau vl cae viing que em dim tho mong, gap nhau tren bai bien
Sim Son... dl tan hudng miii vi ii tinh. Nhung d nha ba An (me ciia Td Tam)
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DA! HOC Q U O C G!A HA N ^ ;
TRUNG TAiV T H i K G TfN THU' ViEN

cd mdt ciu Tii den dam Td Tam. Dari Tfc5^ltia^kll6ng thi phi( u luu mai
trong mdt moi tinh vd vong nen khuyen Td Tam nhan Idi. Id lam liic diu
cuong quye't tii chdi vi "da yeu mdt ngudi thi khdng thi yeu ai dugc niia" ma
"da khdng yeu thi khdng liy" nhimg sau vi ba An dm nang, nang vi chii hieu
danh chip thuan dl me an long nhim mat xudi tay... VI nha ehdng, Td Tam
mdi hiiu he't su vmh biet tinh yeu vdi Dam Thuy dau ddn, nao nl den ngin
nao. Nang nhilm benh lao va qua ddi, dl lai cho Dam Thuy mot cudn nhat ky
ghi lai tam trang nhirng ngay cudi cimg ciia ddi nang vdi Idi nhin giri: "Rdi
day sau khi huong tan khdi toi, cd liic nao anh qua chd em an giie ngan nam,
nhd anh dl hd vao gdc cay tang da hay biic tudng miy chii rang: Day la md
mdt ngudi bac menh chet vi hai chii ai tinh". Sau cii che't cua ngudi yeu, Dam
Thuy thuong tie'c, an han, suy sup, bi benh tim phai nghi hoc vl ddn diln gia
dinh an dudng. May nhd cd dng anh la ngudi lich lam, am hiiu khuyen can
san sde "vdt len khdi biln tinh" va dua trd lai con dudng cdng danh sir ngiep
nhung trong Idng edn mai ve't thuong ai tinh dau ddn.

Tmh yeu giiia Td Tim va Dam Thuy la mdt mdi tinh tri ky y hgp tam
diu. Ho quy nhau vi tai, trong nhau vi diic, hoa hgp d nhilu y hudng, sd thich.
Nd khdng don gian chi la ua nhau vi ve ngoai "diu may cudi mit" ma la su
hoa hgp ben trong tim hdn. Td Tam mdi doc van ciia Dam Thuy da thdt len
"Sao anh hgp tam tri vdi em vay" va tir khi dugc giip mat trd chuyen, doi trao
thi tudng nhu hai linh hdn dugc sinh ra dl ma hoa quyen, quin quyt. Tmh yeu
tho mdng dd lai dugc "nudi dudng trong huong vi vin chuong", dugc diem td
bang tri tudng tugng nen cang trd nen thi vi va lang man: "Chiing tdi tudng
tugng ra nhu vu tru chi cd hai ngudi ma thdi, bao nhieu nhiing thudng tinh eo
hep, nhirng tiiam canh Idi thdi, bao nhieu tieng khdc cau cudi, dudng danh
mdi Igi d chon phdn hoa da chim dim dau mit ca, trudc mat chi edn thiy khdi
huong cua ii tinh duong nghi ngut bay trong dam tit mil khien cho hai ngudi
tuang tri dd tudng la ddi chim nhan duong cimg nhau tung trdi ma bay". Ro
rang hai nhan vat nay mang trong minh nhiing dac tinh tieu bilu cd hiru cua
chii nghTa lang man: Dd la su cd don va tam trang mudn thoit ra khdi moi
rang budc cua thuc tai. Ngay ca khi ngdi tinh tu ben nhau trong mot dem trang
tren bai biln Do Son, ho vin cam thiy rgn nggp: "Trudc chd gidi cao be rong,
mmh tu thiy mmh be nhd la thudng... Trong Idng sinh ra mot thii kinh sg, sg cai

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tdi v'mh tdi dai cua hoa cdng". Cai cam giac lac long, bo vo dd cang dugc tang
len khi ho c6 tinh quih quyt liy nhau va tu tach minh ra khdi ddi sdng xa hdi.
Song cimg se phien dien nen chung ta khdng ghi nhan muc dich giio due
luan ly ciia Hoang Ngoc Phach qua canh ngd "Trai cd noi sin edn chang mang
quye'n rii gai to, gii di liy ehdng ma con to tudng trai cii"^*\ Theo tic gia, each
day luan ly cho con em qua nhiing ly thuye't khd khan, nhiing giao dilu vo
doin hay mugn nhiing tilu thuyet tiieo Id'i ly tudng tho ngay, liy viec bao ling
phiic, hoa, thien ic dl ran day la qui sao cu, khdng giy hung thii, khong lam

hon niia edn gian tiep nggi ca tmh yeu sau sic cd mdt khdng hai cua ddi tre.
Au day ciing la mdt hien tugng binh thudng cua nghe thuat, nhu trudng hgp
L.Tdnxtdi vie't Anna Karenina...
Vin dl cudi cimg tie gia Hoang Ngoc Phich giri glm qua hai nhan vat
Td Tam, Dam Thuy la cudc diu tranh giiia chu nghia ca nhan vdi dai gia dinh
phong kien, giiia y thiic he tu sin vdi 11 giao phong kien. Dd la nhiing nhan
vat da hap thu van minh va ldi sdng phuong Tay, cd nhung quan niem mdi me
vl tinh yeu, y thiic rit rd vl cai tdi ca nhan, cii tdi ddi giai phdng. Nhung do
diu dugc sinh trudng trong nhirng gia dinh edn ne c6, khudn phep nen ludn bi
giing xe giiia tinh yeu va bdn phin, ca nhin va gia dinh. Mae dii "Td Tam"
chiu anh hudng phuong Tay nhilu mat nhung vin chua hoan toan vugt qua 11
giio va dao diic phong kien. Bang chiing la tie gia vin chon md tip "ben tinh
ben hieu" dl cudi cimg budc nhan vat phii cd sir lua chon. Ci hai nhan vat dii
rit dau khd nhung cung phai hy sinh ai tinh, hy sinh ca nhan de giii liy nen
nep gia phong va lam trdn chii hieu. Cai ket thiic cua tac phim cd thi tao nen
nhilu each hiiu khic nhau. Thii nhit la tie gia diing vl phia Idp tre liy cai
chet cua Td Tam de budc tdi 11 giao phong kien. Thii hai, trudc sau, Hoang
Ngoe Phach vin la ngudi giii viing lap trudng dao diic, nen cho ring: "Ngudi
trong truyen vin hiiu dugc cii nghia hy sinh ddi vdi cha me. Nhu the la dilu
hay". Vl vin de nay, GS. Phan Cu De trong "Tilu thuye't Viet Nam hien dai
da khang dinh: Van de ehdng phong kien trong tilu thuyet Td Tam ehi la thii
yeu va mire do ehdng ddi cung rat tieu cue. VI thuc chat, Td Tam la mot ban
tinh ca ngoai 11 giao, ca nggi cai "tdi" ca nhan trong tinh yeu, thoit ly moi
trach nhiem va nghTa vu ciia ngudi thanh nien trong cudc dau tranh giai cip

•I'hamTh^Ngu. Sdd. tr. 361.

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