VE TIN NCl/dNC TON GIAO
CUA Ncirdi Mi/dNC 6 THANH HOA
MAI VAN TtlNG*

T

dn giao khdng chi lfi dra tUdng
nghien cflu eua ngfinh khoa hpe tdn
gifio mfi cdn lfi dm tupng nghidn cflu cua
nhieu ngfinh khoa hpc khfic nhfl lich sfl, triet
hpc, nhfin hpc... Tfl khi khoa hpc tdn gifio
hinh thfinh, cfie nha khoa hpc nghien cflu ve
tdn gifio hpe da phan loai cfie hinh thflc tdn
giao theo nghia hep va nghia rdng. Nghia
hep, lfi ehi mdt tdn giao cu thi cd he thd'ng to'
ehfle vdi gifio nghia vfi nghi le ciing cac dng
ehu td' thi hfinh eae Id nghi tdn giao ay, vi du
nhu Phat gifio hay Kitd gifio... Nghia rdng, lfi
ehi tfi't ca nhflng gi hen quan deh danh tfl tdn
gifio, mang tinh tdn gifio... Hay noi khae di lfi
mpi ton giao cd td' ehfle vfi khdng cd td' ehfle
(nhfl viec thd cung td tien ciing dflpc xem lfi
mot loai hinh ciia tdn gifio).
Tuy vfiy, cho den hien nay eung cdn cac
quan didm khfic nhau ve tin ngfldng, tdn
gifio. Lfi mdt trong nhflng nha nghien eflu
hfing dau ve" tdn gifio d 'Viet Nam, GS Dang
Nghidm Van khdng mudn phan chia rach
rdi gifla tin ngudng va tdn giao, cung nhfl
khdng nha't tri ve thuat ngfl tin ngfldng
dfin gian. Ong eho rfing ein xem lai sfl

chi lfi tflpng doi. Vi suy eho dd'n tfin g6c re
thi tdn gifio t h ^ gidi cung bfit ngudn tfl tfln
giao dan tdc va ngpn nguon eua tdn giao


ve Hn ngirong Wn gl6o e^a ngudl mtrtog..
dan tde lai bat ngudn tfl tdn giao nguydn
thuy.
Nghien cflu ve tin ngfldng tdn gifio cua
ngudi Mfldng d Thanh Hda, chflng tdi theo
quan diem cua khoa hpc nhan hpc
(Anthropology). Dd lfi hieu tdn giao theo
nghia rdng chfl khdng theo nghla hep.
Nghia la ta't ca nhflng gi lien quan dd'n
danh tfl tin ngfldng hay tdn gifio, cd hfinh vi
tdn gifio, mang tinh tdn gifio...; hay ndi
khac di lfi mpi tdn gifio cd to' chflc vfi khdng
ed td chflc nhfl vide thd cflng td' tien, hay
thd eflng eac vi t h i n tii nhien, nhflng kieng
ky... deu dUde xem lfi tdn gifio.
1. Doi net ve ngifcfi Mviitng d T h a n h Hda
Ngudi Mudng d Thanh Hda sd'ng tap
trung chu yd'u d cac huyen Thach Thfinh,
Cim Thuy, Ba Thfldc, Ngpe Lac, Nhfl
Thanh, hien cd tren 35 van ngfldi. Dia ban
efl trfl eua ngfldi Mfldng d Thanh Hda ehu
yd'u lfi vflng thung lung - bdn dia, mien
trung du, nfli thfi'p ven eae lflu vflc sdng Ma,
sdng Chu, sdng Am, sdng Ciu Chfiy, sdng
Budi, sdng Muc... O viing nfiy cd nhflng

edn gpi lfi Mudng sdng Ma). Dfiy la bd phfin
CO ngudn goe Iieh sfl lau ddi efl tru chii yd'u d
cac vung Bfi Thflde, Ngpe Lfie, Lang Chfinh,
Cim Thuy. Tinh ban dia cua bd phfin dang
kd nfiy khdng pha tap, khdng ddng hda,
khdng lfin vdi eac bd phfin khfic tfl tid'ng ndi
dd'n trang phuc. Bg phgn thit hai, lfi ngudi
Mudng tfl phia Bfie, ehu yeu lfi ngfldi Mudng
Bi tinh Hda Binh di cu vao sau nfiy dupc gpi
lfi Mdn Hee, hay Molbi (3). Bd phfin nay
sd'ng chu yd'u d cfie huydn Thach Thanh,
Nhfl Thanh va mot so it d huyen Cim Thuy,
Ngpe Lac vfi mpt so huydn khfie. Qufi trinh
di efl nfiy didn ra ehii yd'u trflde Cfich mang
thfing Tam nam 1945. Bd phdn thU ba, ed
ngudn gdc tfl ngfldi Thai, ngudi Kinh do
sdng xen ke lfiu ngfiy vdi ngfldi Mudng ndn
dfi dflde Mfldng hda.
Ngfldi Mudng Thanh Hda ndi chung cd
kho tfing vfin hda dan gian gifiu chfi't ban
dia, phong phu va da dang ve" the loai.
Trong dd ndi bfit lfi cac truydn ke v i truyin
thuyd't, cd tich, sfl tich, tuc ngfl, cfiu dd', dan
ca va hang van eau sfl thi dfi dupe bidn tfip
thfinh Mo sfl thi dan tde Mfldng (4). Dfiy la
mdt trudng thidn hflng trfing ed mdt khdng
hai ciia ngfldi Mfldng e^ d Ddng Nam A.
Dfing quan tam nhfi't d day lfi trong kho
tang van hoa dan gian, ngudi Mfldng cd ddi
sdng tdn gifio diy tinh nhan vfin vfi huyen

Thd cung to tien


a^—^a ***" a'"w' •titt uyuui

uiinmg...

tich xfla cdn lai khdng nhieu, mdt vfii di tich
edn l?ii dSh nay, trong do tidu bieu phai ke
den din Tam Thanh. Din nay tfldng truyen
thd bp ba tfldng cua Tan Vidn, eon r l vua
Hiing vfldng thfl 18. Quy md cua den khdng
ldn lfim nhflng thudc loai b i thd' trong vung.
Diiu vd't kid'n true edn lai ngfiy nay lfi dfi'u
vit kid'n true thdi Nguyin. Day lfi ndi tdn
nghiem vfi td^ li quan trpng cua Mfldng Du
xua vfi lfing An Do sau nfiy. Thin pha ciia
din cd ndi de'n viec Ly Nam D^ t u i n du qua
dfiy vfi nghi tai den nfiy. Sau nay mpt sd
trieu vua Nguyin eung ed sfic phong cho
din. ChUa ndi dd'n cfie nghi l i vfi ngh$ thufit
kid^n trflc, rieng vide thanh Tan Vidn tfl he
thong t h i n didn eua ngUdi Vidt dflde ngfldi
Mfldng d day phong lfim Thanh hofing eung
dfit ra vfi'n de v i mdi quan hd Vidt - Mfldng
trong sinh hoat vSn hoa truyin thdng eua
ngfldi Mudng Du (8). Qua day cho thfi'y,
ngUdi Mfldng cd truyen thong uong nflde nhd
ngudn, tri an nhiSng ngfldi cd cdng vdi dfin
vdi nflde. Dd lfi ed sd hinh thfinh ndn tin

an, mfla thufin gid hda, mfla mfing bdi thu.
- Tin ngudng vi dat
Tin ngfldng dfin gian v i dfi't eua ngfldi
Mudng bilu hien sd'ng ddng, tfip trung chu


yd'u trong cfie nghi Id thd cung dUde dong
bfio td' ehfle hfing nfim. Ngfldi Mfldng d Ba
Thude quan nidm "£>d'if cd tho cong, song c6
hd bd". Vdi ngudi Mudng, tho cdng thd dia
lfi vi t h i n dfi't cd traeh nhidm eai quan dfi't
dai va bao vd mang sd'ng, sflc khoe cho dan
lfing. Vi vfiy, ngudi dan d cac lfing, eac
Mfldng diu dflng nha {nhd sdn) dd thd vi
t h i n nfiy. O iang Cha (Mudng Ong), hang
nfim vfio thang 2, thang 3 Am lich, xa
chdm, lang dao tfip trung dan lfing lfim Id
cung than. Khoang 4 deh 5 nam lfing td'
chflc dai ll Cling trau cho than mdt lan.
Cung xong ca lfing tfip trung fin ud'ng tai
ndi thd thin.
Ngfldi Mudng edn quan niem mdi mdt xfl
ddng, thfla rudng deu cd nhflng vi t h i n eai
quan. Vi vdy, thd t h i n rudng trd thanh mdt
phong tue phd' bie'n cua ngfldi Mfldng d
Thanh Hda. Chi tinh rieng lang Sdo
(mfldng Khd) trflde day eo tdi 3 ndi thd t h i n
rupng d 3 xfl ddng ldn (ddng Sdo, dong Cpn,
dong Ddn). Hang nfim, cfie gia dinh eay cfi^y
d nhflng xfl dong nfiy to chflc Id cung t h i n

ciia ngUdi Viet (Kinh). Vdi ngfldi Mfldng 5
Thanh Hoa ndi chung cdn quan nipm vua
nudc - ma nudc - than nflde lfi vi t h i n cai
quan the' gidi nflde. T h i n nflde trong tfldng
tfldng dan gian eua ngUdi Mfldng thude lofii
r i n , ed hinh thfl gid'ng nhfl con thudng
ludng, hay tru ngu d nhflng vung nflde sau,
bd'n nflde hoac sdng sudi trong lfing. Thin
nudc ed the lfim hai dd'n eupe sd'ng cua dfin
lfing, gay ra lu lut, han hfin khi t h i n nUdc
khdng hfii ldng vdi con ngUdi.
Mdt ngudn nflde quan trong doi vdi
ngfldi dan Mfldng xfla d cfie lfing dd lfi
ngudn nflde md (yd rgac). Trong tfim thflc
cua Mudng dfiy la ngudn nflde ngim tinh
khid't nha't cua trdi da't, vi thd' h i u hd't eae
nghi Id ein de'n nflde deu phai sii dung
ngudn nflde n g i m nfiy di eflng, dfic bi^t
trong ll cflng td' tien vfi li cflng trong
nhflng ngay tet. Cd nhflng ndi ngfldi ta cdn
quan niem nflde md nhU lfi nflde thidng, ai
ora nang sfip chet cung mudn udng nguon
nflde nay.
Ngfldi Mudng d mfldng Khd, mfldng 6ng,
mfldng Ai... trflde kia eung nhfl hipn nay c6
tue di la'y nflde e i u may d i u nfim. Khdng ai
bao ai nhflng cfl sau thdi diem giao thfla
ngudi dan trong lang t^p trung d md nflde.
Ngfldi ta cho rfing cang di sdm thi trong
nam do gia dinh cang gfip dflpc nhiiu may

giao trong ddi sd'ng hang ngfiy tao ndn ban
sac van hda toe ngfldi. Dfiu rang trong dd eo


ve Hn ngucnrig Mn giao ciia ngucri Igif&ng..
nhiing p h i n lfi me tin, nhung eung cd rfi't
nhidu ndi dung rfi't hflu ich trong ddi s3ng
tinh t h i n eua ngfldi Mudng. Dd lfi giao due
truyin th^ng ud'ng nflde nhd ngudn, tri an
nhflng ngfldi cd cdng vdi cdng dong dfin tdc.
Nhflng tin ngfldng ve tfl nhien nhfl dfi't,
nflde, rflng... khdng ddn t h u i n lfi niem tin
tdn giao ma cdn ed y nghia nhan vfin sfiu
sic nham bao v$ tfii nguyen thidn nhien vfi
duy tri sU da dang sinh hpc cung nhfl bao
ve mdi trfldng.
Hidn nay, trong ddi song tin ngfldng tdn
giao cua ngudi Mfldng cd sfl bid'n dd'i nhfi't
dinh, rd net nhfi't lfi sfl nhat phai tin
ngfldng sung bai tU nhien. Sfl phai nhat a'y
bi tae ddng bdi nhieu ly do. Theo ehflng tdi,
trUdc hit mdt p h i n lfi do xu hfldng Vidt
hofi. Day lfi xu hfldng tfi't ye'u khi cac
phUdng thflc san xufi't eua ngfldi Mfldng vfi
ngfldi Kinh giong nhau, khi ma tre em
Mfldng hien nay theo hpe cac trfldng hpe
pho thdng nhu ngudi Kinh, khi mfle sdng
ciia ngfldi Kinh trd thfinh chuin mUc cho
ngfldi Mfldng noi theo (tfl nhfi d eho de'n cfie
tidn nghi sinh hoat khac), khi hdn nhan

giao khfic nhfl thd eung td' tidn, thd thfinh
hofing lfing, thd Mfiu, thd Phfit vfin cdn
nguydn gia tri, tham ehi ngfiy efing dfldc
ddng bfio quan tfim sau sfic hdn.

THtCH

(1). D i n g Nghiem Van, Ly lu$n vi tdn gido vd
tinh hinh

tdn gido d Viit Nam

(tdi bdn), Nxb.

(3). VUcJng Anh, Tii'p can vdi vdn hda bdn
mUctng, Nxb. V i n hfia d i n tfie. H i Nfii, 2001, tr.5-

Chinh tri Qudc gia. H i Nfii, 2003, tr. 77-78.
(2). P h a n Ngpe, Vdn hod Vift Nam, cdch tiip
can mdi, Nxb. V i n hoa Thfing tin, H i NSi, 1994,
tr. 15-17.

(4). VUdng Anh (chu bifin). Mo si thi ddn tdc
Mudng, Nxb. V i n hfia d i n tfie. H i Nfii, 1997.

(Xem tiep trang 80)


(27). Dupc t h i n h lap theo Nghi dinh ngiy 6-81891 cua Toan quyen Dfing DUdng, JOIF, 2*
partie, 1891, tr. 378. Nghi dinh n i y sau con dupc


flng b i , bo' me sfl'ng lau hdn thi eon chau phai lim
le keo Sl.

thfi m i quen gpi l i giufing thfi. Hipn nay, each gpi

(13). Hien nay gia dinh ong TrUtJng Cfing Dung

nay v i n con tUOng doi ph^ bifi'n 3 nhieu vung nguSi

(6 l i n g Sio, xa Dien Ha, huypn Ba Thufie) cfi mpt

Mufing Thanh Hoa,

b i n thfi hfl' b trong n h i . Hang n i m gia dinh eung

(7). Xem them: Le Huy Hoing, Tim hieu vi di
tich vd nhdn vdt Hd Cdng Thdi, trong Thanh Hod
xUa vd nay, Nxb. Thanh Hoa, 2014, tr.51-55.
(8). T r i n Thi Lifin (chu bien). Khdo sdt vdn hoa
truyin thd'ng Mudng Du, Nxb. Thfii dai. H i Npi,
2013, tr.22-23.

Tfin giio, H i Nfii. 2010.
Cao Sdn Hai, Li

t h i n g Gieng, i n cdm mfii...
(14). Mai V i n Tung, Tri thtic dia phuong vi svl
dung vd qudn ly t&i nguyen thiin nhiin cua ngUdi
Mucfng d huyen Bd Thitdc, tinh Thanh Hda, Luin


Vfin hoa nghfi t h u i t xui't ban, H i Npi, 1996.

2005, tr. 22.


XIN LOI VA BOI THirOfNG CHIEN TRANH TRONG QUAN HE
QUOC TE - KINH NGHIEM UCH SUf TRONG QUAN HE VIET - MY

NGUYfiN THAI Y £ N HUONG'

T

rong quan he qudc td' ndi chung, vd'n
de xin ldi va boi thudng chig'n tranh
la mdt vd'n dd' ludn song hdnh vdi quan he
gifla cae nUdc trong qua trinh han gin vdt
thUdng de dd'n binh thfldng hda quan he
ngoai giao. Day la va'n de da dfldc nhieu nha
nghien cflu quan he qud'c td' de edp theo gde
dp xa hgi, lich sfl. Hidn nay, quan he gifla
Vidt Nam vd My da dUde binh thudng hda tfl
nam 1995 va nam 2013 hai nflde da nang
cap quan he Idn "ddi tac toan dien" trong
chuye'n tham My ciia Chii tich nudc TrUdng
Td'n Sang. Tuy nhidn, khi ndi dg'n nhflng
khd khdn trong qua trinh binh thudng hoa
quan he ngogi giao giiia hai quoc gia, vd'n dd'
boi thudng chid'n tranh cho Viet Nam sau
nam 1975 ma to'ng thd'ng My da tuyen bo'

nhin nhdn la hdp ly, ldm diu cang thang.
Kl tfl sau Chie'n tranh thd' gidi II kg't thuc,
trUdc nhu ciu xda bd tgi Idi cu, va'n de xin
ldi va boi thfldng chie'n tranh eua cac ehinh
phli, cac to chflc da cd hanh ddng phi nhdn
dao da trd nen cd chieu hudng gia tang.
Chfnh vi vdy, vide yeu ciu chu t h i vi phgm
phai cd hanh vi xin Idi hay boi thudng cho
nhflng nflde bi eoi la nan nhan da dfldc
khuyen khich. Cae nhd nghien eflu vd cdc


Ain iQi va bOi >hucmg chien tranh..
nhd hogch dinh chinh sach cung ed thien
hudng nhd'n mgnh vao vide gdn cac hogt
ddng nay vdi qua trinh hda giai gifla cac
nude. Trudng hdp cua Dfle va Nhdt Ban Id
hai trfldng hdp dflpe eac nha nghien cflu
phdn tich khd ky. Sau Chid'n tranh thd' gidi
II, Dflc da phai tra mdt khoan b6i thfldng
kha ldn vd' nhiing tdi ae trong chien tranh
trong khi vigc nay doi vdi Nhdt Ban la
khdng he d l thflc Men. Cdng hda Lign bang
Dfle da cd nhflng budc hoa giai Idn vdi eae
nudc cflu thu khdc. Quan he gifla Phap vd
Tay Dfle la mgt diln hinh. Chi vdi mdt
khoan boi thudng nhd va khoang nfla the ky
sau khi chid'n tranh kdt thue, Phap va Dflc
da quan he rd't gin gui gin nhfl cd ddng y
kid'n trong nhieu vd'n dg' d chdu Au, dgc biet

qud'c td' kg't thue, vd'n dg' boi thfldng va giup
phuc hoi nUde bi xam hai ddi khi dUde coi Id
mdt did'u kidn khong t h i thie'u. Nhfl vay,
khi kd't thue chig'n tranh, vide Td'ng thdng
My Nixon hfla boi thfldng eho Viet Nam 3,2
ty USD theo Did'u 21 cua Higp dinh Paris
Id hoan todn hdp ly.
Tuy nhign, xet vg' mat van hda xa hpi,
xin loi hay boi thfldng chig'n tranh thfldng
xua't hien khi can cd ke't thuc sfl tranh cai


hay tranh thii du lugn trong nudc trong
quan he vdi mdt nUde eiiu thfl. Neu so sanh
trudng hdp gifla Nhdt Ban vd Dfle sau
Chid'n tranh the' gidi thfl II se thd'y ro dieu
nay. Doi vdi du lugn trong nudc cua Nh|kt
Ban thi vd'n de xin ldi hay bdi thfldng eho
cac nude Id nan nhan da tao ngn sii phan
ddi eua phe bao thu trong nUdc vdi Idp ludn
r i n g vd'n de boi thfldng se tgo ed cho cdc
nUde lang gid'ng t h i hidn thai dp ehd'ng lgi
Nhdt Ban. Trong khi do, nUde Dflc khdng
gap phai vd'n de nhfl vdy. Nhflng ngfldi
theo phai bao thu tgi nflde Dflc dfldng nhfl
lgi mud'n ddy Id dip d l neu lai mdt giai
dogn Iieh sfl cua qud'c gia vd khdng ngin
ngai khi phai thfla nhan cac tdi ac do Hitle
gay ra. Ngudi Phap da nhin nhan thue tg'
nay nhfl la mdt qua trinh phdt tridn dan

mai gifla cac bang va vdi nflde ngodi, chi
tieu eho "phong thii chung" va "phfle Ipi
chung". Bd't kg mdt dd la nao ddnh cho
chinh phu lidn bang chi dung cung phai
dfldc Qud'c hdi duyet theo ludt dinh. Hidn
phap My da quy dinh ro "khdng cd khoan
tig'n ndo cd thd dfldc rut ra tfl ngdn kho',
nhflng sfl phan bd tid'p theo ciia nd dfldc
quyet dinh theo Ludt phap" (6). Bdn canh
nhflng khoan chi eho Iinh vflc ddi ndi, Quoc
hdi Id ngfldi quyd't dinh khoan tdi ehfnh mk
Td'ng thd'ng ehi cho lfle Ifldng vu trang dfldi
quyg'n Td'ng thong, eiing nhU cho sU hoat
ddng cua bg may nhd nflde My.
Theo quy dinh, Quoc hdi dam nhdn
traeh nhi$m ve phap Iy, chinh tri va dgo l

qud'c gia cua nude My ddi hdi. Va quyg'n lap
phap ndi ehung eiia Qud'c hpi khidn cho cd
quan ndy ed quyen lUc to Idn tac ddng tdi
hinh thai vd dien bidn cua cdc mdi quan he
qud'c tg'. Trong giai doan sau ndy, quyen chi
ngdn saeh ciia Qud'c hdi tig'p tuc se Id mdt
thfl vu khi manh dg Qud'c hgi tham gia vao
cdc cdng vi$c cua cdc nhanh khae trong he
thdng chinh tri My, nha't la trong hogt ddng
ddi ngogi. Vi du, nam 1986, Qudc hdi da
giam ngan sdch qudc phdng md chfnh
quyd'n Reagan dd' nghi vdi mgt khoan Id
17,6 ty USD. Day la mdt khoan cit giam
kha Idn eho Nha T r i n g trong khd nhid'u
ndm. Nam 1987, Qud'c hdi eung da bae bd
viec thdng qua khoan tien tfl 3 dg'n 5 trieu
USD vidn trp quan sii cho p h i i ddi lap d
Nicaragua chdng lgi ehinh phu cua nudc
ndy (8). Nam 1996, nhid'u cd quan ehinh
phii, trong dd cd Bd ngogi giao da phai ddng
c i a mdt thdi gian do khdng cd tdi chinh dd
hogt dgng. Vd mdt trUdng hdp dang chu y
nfla la trong nam 2013, mdt nfla trong hd
tho'ng eua chinh phu My da phai ddng cfla

khoang mdt thang do mau t h u i n gifla hai
Dang vd' tran nd cdng ma kd't qua la vide
ngdn sach eho hogt ddng cua chinh phu da
khdng dfldc thdng qua.
Theo quy dinh eua Hien phap, Hg vidn

Nhfl dd phan tfch d trdn, Qud'c hdi Id cd
quan quyg't dinh eae khoan ehi eiia Td'ng
thd'ng My cho cac hogt ddng doi ngogi vi
dieu ndy da xay ra khi ngi dung ldi hfla cua
Tong thdng Nixon dfldc thdng bao vd di^u
t r i n tgi Quo'c hdi My. Trong cudc hpp ciia
Ha vien ngay 4 thdng 5 ndm 1977, Ha nghj


Xin ldi va bfli thtfong chiCT tranh...
si Cdng hda John Ashbrook ddi ed bign
phap cd'm Bd Ngoai giao My ed thdm
nhfldng bp vdi Viet Nam. Hg vien My do
cac nghi si Cdng hda chie'm da sd da bd
phid'u thdng qua Dfl lugt do Ashbrook (HR
6689) dd' xud't vdi sd phieu dp dao 166/131
cd'm ca vide thfldng Ifldng vd' "boi thfldng,
vidn trd hay mpi hinh thflc ehi tra khae"
cho Viet Nam. Nhflng l i n bd phig'u ke tid'p
eua Qudc hdi cung da phan ddi mgnh me
bd't ky hinh thflc vien trd ndo cho Viet Nam
vd tham chi ehdng ddi ca vi$c dd bd lenh
ea'm van thfldng mgi. Dflng trflde lan sdng
chdng ddi Vidt Nam mgnh me trong Quoc
hgi, Bg trfldng Ngogi giao My Cyprus
Vance dd phai tuydn bd' My se khdng tra
Vigt Nam bd't ky khoan dg'n bu ehien tranh
ndo. Trong cac cudc thfldng Ifldng tiep theo
vd' vide thie't l^p quan he ngogi giao hai bgn
vin edn nhid'u khac bidt (16). Trong khi

dien ve chinh tri, kinh tg', xa hdi. Tay Au va
Nhat Ban vfldn len trd thdnh eae trung tam
kinh tg' thg' gidi egnh tranh vdi My. My tien
hdnh dieu chinh chie'n Iflpe, giam cam ket d
bdn ngodi thuc day hda hoan vdi eac ddi thu
chinh, tap trung uu tien giai quyg't cac vd'n
dg' trong nflde ciing cd' dia vi trong he thdng
tfl ban chu nghia. Mdu t h u i n Xd - Trung
ngdy cang trd ndn gay gat. Tinh hinh nay
cd anh hfldng ldn dg'n qua trinh hogch dinh
chinh sdch ddi ngoai cua Vidt Nam, nhd't la
bdi vi Xd va Trung dd'u la hai ngudi anh ca
cua phe xa hdi chii nghia. Vi vdy, vigc
nghidn cflu hay phan tieh mdt quyg't dinh
hay mdt hanh ddng ndo lidn quan dg'n quan
he gifla Viet Nam vd My trong thdi ky sau
1975 vdi chinh sdeh ddi ngogi ciia My doi
vdi Lidn xd vd Trung Quoc. Chfnh vi sU doi
ldp trong quan diem eiia hai qudc gia lien
quan dd'n va'n de boi thudng chid'n tranh va
kem theo dd tinh hinh thg' gidi vd khu viic
tdc ddng bd't ldi cho vide binh thudng hda
quan he trong nhflng nam tid'p theo. Cufii
eung, thlie tg' rd rang la qua trinh binh
thudng hda quan hd gifla Vigt Nam va My
dd dien ra trong giai doan Chig'n tranh
Lgnh da ket thuc.
De'n nay, dm vdi ea ngfldi My va ngUcfi
Vidt Nam, cudc ehien tranh da trd thdnh
qua khfl, hai nflde da binh thfldng hoa

quan trong cudc chig'n thi se tao ndn sfl
thdng hieu Iin nhau va eon dfldng din dd'n
hda giai dfldng nhfl khdng ma'y khd khan
(23). Nhiing hoat ddng eua hai nude lien
quan de'n vd'n dd' MIA, POW, thao dd bom
min, bdi thfldng cho eae ngn nhan chd't dde
da cam Id nhflng minh chflng cho nhdn thflc
ndy. Cd thd tha'y rang kinh nghiem Iieh sfl
trong quan hg Vidt - My se cdn tid'p tuc dfldc
nhdc dg'n tfl giang dfldng cho dd'n nhflng
cudc ludn ban chinh sach vdo nhiing thdi
diem cin thig't.

CHU THICH
(1). N g i y 9-5-1950 B6 trUdng Ngoai giao Phap
liic d6 Ih R. Schuman da dUa ra m6t sang kien mdi

(7). Nelson W.Polsy. Congress and the
President.

Universtiy of California, 1986, tr. 90.

khfli d i u cho tien trinh li§n kg't chiiu Au. 6 n g de

(8). Trung tam nghign cilu Bic My. Qu6c hoi

nghi "Dat to6n b§ vi^c san xu^t than vk th6p cua

My hoat dgng nhU the nao. Nxb. Khoa hoc xa h6i.


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trfl lai can thifp b i n g quan sfl hay khdng? Cfie b^n

cuu-thu-toi-bang-huu. Truyc|lp ngfiy 10/2/2015

My da giflp thdng tin cho Vi^t Nam lfi My chic

(15). Dfiy lfi mot dfic tinh trong quan h? doi

c h i n khdng giii qufin ddi tham chifi'n. Thdng tin

ngoai cua My c6 nguon gob til chii nghia ca nhan -

nfiy da gdp phiin cho quyet dinh lich sfl quan trpng

mot d$c trUng vfin h6a cua My da dUdc tac gia d^

nfim 1975. Tuy nhifin, lue nfiy Vi^t Nam khong oi

cfip trong mpt so cdng trinh khoa hoc da cong bo.

thdng tin dSy dii ve quy^n quyet dinh lien quan

(16). Dpc thfim. Vu Duong Ninh, Lich sH quan
he doi ngoai Vi&t Nam (1940-2010). Nxb. Chinh trj
Quoc gia • Sli th^t, Ha Noi, 2014, tr. 272-274.
(17). Mark Amstutz. The Healing of Nations:
The Promise and Limits of Political

Forgiveness.


R

udng dd't cdng ldng xa cdn dUde gpi
la "quan didV hay "quan dien ban
xa". Quan did'n Id Idai rudng ma thudng
dfl