PUBLICATIONS
1. 2016. Socialization of early childhood education in Thanh Xuan
District, Hanoi City. Journal of Theoretical Education. No.
242/2016. ISSN: 0868 – 3492
2. 2016. Socialization of education in Hanoi City. State management
Journal. No. 243/2016. ISSN: 2354 – 0761
3. 2018. Development of non-public early childhood education in
Hanoi City. State management Journal. ISSN: 2354 – 0761
4. 2019. Questions raised in the state management of early childhood
education in Hanoi City. Journal of political theoretical scientific
Information. ISSN: 2354-1040

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
AND TRAINING

MINISTRY OF HOME
AFFAIRS

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

PHUNG THI LINH KHANH

STATE MANAGEMENT OF EARLY CHILDHOOD
EDUCATION IN HANOI CITY

Major: Public Management
Code: 9.34.04.03

SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION
IN PUBLIC MANAGEMENT


field of state management, performing the management of a single
level of education in the national education system of our country as
a foundation to equip children with the most basic understanding of
the core values of morality, dignity, lifestyle, contributing to shaping
children's character and habits in the future.
Researches on the specific contents of state management of early
childhood education in Hanoi in the period 2010 - 2018 reflects some
positive results of certain achievements in implementing projects and
programs to improve the quality of early childhood education.
However, besides the positive results, certain limitations and
weaknesses still exist in the state management of early childhood
education in Hanoi.
Therefore, it is required all levels of government to study the
system of the Party's directions, the institutional system of State
agencies at higher levels and the documents system on management
and administration of the localities in recent years in a specific and
thorough way, aiming at developing and implementing
synchronously a system of feasible and practical solutions to
continue perfecting the legal system for state management of early
childhood education; on strengthening the management apparatus,
promote decentralization of state management of early childhood
education; on capacity building for the cadres and officials engaged
in the state management of early childhood education; on
strengthening the socialization of early childhood education based on
ensuring the quality of public services; on inspection, examination
and supervision of state management of early childhood education;
and on the application of information technology to the state
management of early childhood education.

The dissertation might be found at The National Library of

always aware of the importance of education and correctly define the
purposes and policies for educational development, in which
educational development is considered as a national policy to
improve standard of the people, develop human resources and foster
talents. The Government prioritizes investment and attraction of
other investment sources in education; pays attention to education of
all levels; step by step universalizes the education.
Early childhood education (ECE) is a part of the national
education system, in which children from 3 months to 6 years are
nurtured, cared for and educated in order to develop physically,
emotionally, intellectually and aesthetically and form the first
elements of personality to be well-prepared for the first grade of
primary school. This level of education has a special position both
because it is the first level in the education system and because of its
special objects: such as children at early stage of intellectual and
physical development. The State should pay special attention and
have specific management mechanism to create effective
breakthroughs, build a solid foundation for the development process
through school education. Thus, it is the practice that requires
theoretical studies to guide the implementation of stages of state
management activities.
However, State management includes a lot of specific activities
which are performed by many agencies of different authorities and
depends markedly on the practical conditions of each province or city.
Considering the state management in the scope of local authority,
Hanoi City has a special position because it is not only the Capital but
also the economic, political and social center of the country. With its
advantages, the Capital authority should create a model for state
management of ECE that works effectively and is possible to become a


especially when looking directly at the limitations and negative
aspects to have the right solutions.
In fact, research on State management of ECE has been interested
and carried out by many scientists in certain aspects, but there are no
systematic and comprehensive studies at the level of doctoral
dissertation in State management of ECEC in Hanoi City in the
scientific aspect of public management.
Stemming from the above-mentioned practice, the Doctoral
candidate chose the topic "State management of early childhood
education in Hanoi city" as the doctoral thesis in Public Management.

successfully completing their tasks in the new stage; Enhancing the
fostering of firm political stuff, intensive professional expertise and
inspection and examination skills to ensure the inspection force is the
leading force in preventing, detecting and handling wrongdoings in
the education sector in general and early childhood education in
particular.
4.2.6. Applying information technology to the state management
of early childhood education
For the state management of early childhood education within
Hanoi city, in order to properly promote the application of
information technology, it is necessary to proactively perform some
of the following basic tasks. :
Firstly, building and developing regulations on the transmission
and reception of information on the intranet and wide area network
with agencies and units in the organizational system of state
management of early childhood education together and connect with
related agencies and units in a "digital ecosystem".
Secondly, focusing on raising awareness of information
technology of the cadres and civil servants in charge of state

mobilize investment resources for education development and early
childhood education; Strengthening inspection, examination,
removing difficulties and obstacles in the process of socialization ...
4.2.5. Strengthening inspection, examination and supervision of
state management of early childhood education
- Thoroughly grasping the objectives and significance of
inspection and examination for cadres, civil servants and individuals
participating in this activity: The objectives of the inspection are: (1)
Monitoring activities of the private kindergartens to see if it is right,
coherent with the functions, tasks and assignments among the units
or not. (2) Evaluating the effectiveness, ensuring that the assigned
tasks are qualified for implementation, compatible with the realities,
regulations and laws of the city on early childhood education. At the
same time, having timely instructions and adjustment to ensure the
efficiency of education and training of preschools. (3) Periodically
checking the results, evaluating the actual effectiveness of the private
preschools according to the proposed plan.
- Implementing and completing annual inspection and
examination plans; allocating sufficient funds and forces to
effectively deploy inspection and examination plans, at the same time
ensuring adequate arrangement of reserved forces for unexpected
inspections and examinations.
- Strengthening coordination and information exchange between
the unit assigned to inspect and check public preschools and press
agencies, citizens, socio-political organizations, and grassroot
authorities...
Strengthening
the
monitoring,
urging

management of early childhood education in Hanoi city.
+ Theoretical logic and feasibility of solutions to strengthening
State management of early childhood education, especially in Hanoi
city.
+ The research focuses on state management of ECE with 5 basic
contents: 1) Formulating and promulgating the documentation system
for State management of ECE; 2) Organizing the state management
apparatus for ECE; 3) Building and developing cadres and civil
servants working on state management of early childhood education;
4) Mobilizing and using state management resources for ECE; 5)
Inspecting, examining and settling complaints and denunciations in
State management of early childhood education.
3. Objectives, tasks of the research
3.1. Research objectives

22

3


Clarify the theoretical and practical issues of State management of
ECE, assess the State management situation of ECE in Hanoi city
and propose viewpoints and solutions to strengthen the State
management of ECE in Hanoi City to improve the quality of
education at preschool level.
3.2. Research tasks
The dissertation focuses on solving the following major research
tasks:
- The author conducts research on domestic and foreign studies
related to early childhood education, state management of ECE,

decentralized contents, ensuring that the decentralization of early
childhood educational management is implemented consistently and
efficiently.
Fifth, improving the capacity of the officials working in state
management of early childhood education.
Sixth, giving autonomy to the ECE institutions. Renovating school
management towards enhancing autonomy for schools. Schools are
empowered more in deciding issues related to their own activities and
promoting the initiative and creativity of educational forces inside
and outside the school.
4.2.3. Improving the capacity of the staff in charge of state
management of early childhood education
Firstly, developing and implementing planning and plans for the
development of the cadres and civil servants in charge of the state
management of early childhood education.
Second, developing and executing policies to attract high-quality
human resources, increase remuneration in the development of the
cadres and civil servants in charge of state management of education
in general and state management of early childhood education in
particular.
Third, renewing the training and fostering of the cadres and civil
servants working in state management of early childhood education.
Fourth, strengthening international cooperation, cooperate with
the private sector to improve the quality of the cadres and civil
servants working in state management of early childhood education.
4.2.4. Strengthening socialization associated with ensuring the
quality of early childhood education services
Firstly, promoting propaganda, advocacy and providing
information on the socialization of early childhood education.
Secondly, perfecting regulations on linking administrative

implementation of ODA projects on development of education and
training, attracting funding sources, and foreign loan projects to
develop facilities and teaching equipment for all levels in general and
for ECE in particular.
4.2.2. Strengthening the management system, optimizing the
decentralization of state management of early childhood education
First, innovating thinking in state management decentralization of
early childhood education. Foremost, it is critical to realize the
important role of management decentralization. If the
decentralization is carried out properly, scientifically, the operation
will be smooth with good work results and clear responsibilities.
Second, building and completing legal documents, policies and
institutions for education generally and early childhood education
particularly.
Third, regulating a mechanism for coordination of activities in the
state management apparatus of ECE and between the state
management apparatus of ECE and other departments, sectors.
Fourth, perfecting the inspection and examination mechanism to
ensure the decentralization of state management of early childhood

In Chapter 1 and Chapter 2, the dissertation uses the analysis synthesis and inductive methods to systematize the theoretical issues
on State management of ECE.
Chapter 3 uses statistical, comparison and analysis - synthesis
methods for practical survey, analysis and assessment of the state
management status of ECE in Hanoi city, presents the results,
limitations, causes of limitations.
At the same time, the author of the doctoral thesis uses
sociological survey method to collect relevant practical data and
directly serve the research content; Compares, analyzes, and
evaluates to clarify practical problems in the State management of



- How is the current situation of state management of ECE in Hanoi
city? What are the advantages, limitations, and causes of the limitations?
- To strengthen the state management of early childhood education in
Hanoi city, what opinions and solutions should be based on?
5.2. Research assumptions
- Assumption 1: Regarding early childhood education, there has
been a number of research works at home and abroad about the State
management of ECE, but in general, they are not really
comprehensive, systematic, so many issues in State management of
ECE from the theoretical and practical aspects have not been studied.
- Assumption 2: Researching State management of ECE needs to
be based on the scientific basis of State management of ECE and also
characteristics, roles, and factors affecting State management of
ECE.
- Assumption 3: Besides the achievements, there are still many
limitations and shortcomings in State management of ECE in Hanoi.
- Assumption 4: To strengthen the legal education in State
management of ECE in Hanoi city, it is necessary to base on
synchronous and comprehensive perspectives and solutions.
6. New contributions and significance of the research
6.1. New theoretical contributions
The dissertation is the first scientific work that researches
comprehensively the state management of ECE in theoretical aspect,
in which the candidate has clarified the concept, characteristics and
roles of the State management of ECE and the elements affecting
State management of ECE.
The dissertation broadly evaluates the State management situation
of ECE in Hanoi city. The candidate has pointed out the achieved

institutional framework for the development of early childhood
education, addressng requirements on education infrastructure, and
requesting to improve the quality of education; inspection and
examination have not brought into play its role as a stage in the
management cycle, the handling of conclusions after inspection and
examination has not been thorough, leading to some violations which
are slow to be resolved. These limitations require overall and
comprehensive solutions to strengthen state management of early
childhood education in the Capital area.

6

19

Chapter 4
STRENGTHENING STATE MANAGEMENT OF EARLY
CHILDHOOD EDUCATION IN HANOI CITY
4.1. Viewpoints and goals of enhancing state management of
early childhood education in Hanoi city
4.1.1. Viewpoints


Fifth, although there are changes in awareness of educational
socialization, many educational managers and a large part of the
people still have limitations, do not recognize the role of the
economic and social sectors in participating in educational activities,
also prejudice against non-public education.
The limitations and weaknesses in state management of ECE in
Hanoi over the past time are derived from the following reasons:
Firstly, the legal documents on early childhood education are not

State management agency of early childhood education in Hanoi city.
7. Structure of the dissertation
The dissertation is structured as following: In addition to the
introduction, conclusion, list of tables, list of abbreviations,
publications and references, content of the dissertation is divided into
4 chapters:
Chapter 1: Literature review
Chapter 2: The scientific basis of State management of early
childhood education
Chapter 3: The current situation of State management of early
childhood education in Hanoi city
Chapter 4: Solutions to strengthen the State management of early
childhood education in Hanoi city.

CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 3

18

7


Chapter 1:
LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1. Studies on early childhood education
1.1.1. Foreign studies
1.1.2. Domestic studies
1.2. Studies on educational management, state management
of education
Pham T.H. 2011. Managing non-public high schools in Vietnam
in the current period, Doctoral thesis in Educational management.

establishments in Hanoi city completed the self-assessment, reaching
96% (the remaining 4% did not carry out the assessment because they
were newly established and did not have enough time as prescribed),
of which 509 schools were accredited outside, occupying 45%. The
accreditation results showed that 158 schools achieved level 3, 104
schools achieved level 2, 246 schools achieved level 1, and 01 school
failed.
3.4. Evaluation of state management of early childhood
education in Hanoi city
3.4.1. Achievements and causes
Firstly, the authorities at all levels in Hanoi city have basically
and synchronously executed legal documents in the field of state
management of education and training in general and early childhood
education in particular.
Secondly, the state management apparatus of ECE is organized in
accordance with the legal provisions on the organization of the state
apparatus, on the staffing of cadres, civil servants and officials in
order to perform specific management functions and tasks.
Thirdly, the mobilization of resources for investment and
development of ECE has achieved relatively high efficiency, the use
and management of investment funds, especially socialization of
ECE, have been initially effectively implemented ...
Fourthly, the inspection and examination of law observance in the
field of ECE are carried out regularly, continuously and proactively,
ensuring the legality in state management.
3.4.2. Limitations and reasons
First, some programs and plans identify too high targets that
reduce the feasibility in the implementation process.
Second, the quality control of kindergartens, especially private
preschools in urban areas and downtown districts is weak.

request the units to stop collecting, or return if the collection is not in
accordance with regulations. The inspection groups of 30 Education
and Training Divisions have examined 663 schools of 3 levels.
During the inspection process, the groups have detected and
requested to stop the collection for procurement of projectors, air
conditioners, repairing of parking lots, allowances for tarpaulin,
teaching, documents ... In the school year 2017-2018 only, the
Department inspected, detected and requested nearly 20 units to stop
collecting other improper revenues such as Chu Phan Kindergarten,
Thanh Lam Primary School (Me Linh), Kindergarten A - Van Phuc
Commune (Thanh Tri)
With low proportion of teachers and staff who are paid social
insurance premiums, at 22.6% only, so the team is not stable. Postlicensing inspection is still very limited, in which the propaganda,
dissemination and public announcement on the mass media is not done
well enough about the licensed and unlicensed establishments in the
city area for parents to choose schools and classes. Commune and
ward officials often hold multiple jobs, resulting in limited
management and understanding of the institutions’ operation...

Pham T.C., Tran T.S. 2006. Some issues in management of early
school education. Vietnam National University Publishing House,
Hanoi;
Pham T.L. 2010. Managing, developing preschool teachers'
competencies by approaching vocational skills to meet the
requirements of innovation in early childhood education. Doctoral
thesis in Educational Management, University of Education –
Vietnam National University, Hanoi;
Nguyen T.T. 2009. Measures to improve the training quality of
early childhood education officials. Doctoral thesis in Education.
Vietnam Institute of Educational Sciences. Hanoi;

Third, propose solutions to complete the state management of preschool education associated with the practical conditions of Hanoi
city.
CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 1
Early childhood education is the first level of education in the
national education system, which nurtures and develops children from
about 3 months to 6 years old, with the aim of helping children
develop mentally, physiologically, physically, be equipped with the
essential elements of personality and skills before they enter higher
levels of education. Early childhood education contributes to the
physical and intellectual development at nursery ages that are
considered hope and future of the country. State management of ECE
contributes to improving the quality of early childhood education,
helping children comprehensively develop both physically and
intellectually.
In the literature review, the author has studied both domestic and
foreign scientific works related to the topic by main groups such as:
Group of research works on early childhood education; Group of
research works on educational management, state management of
education; Group of research works on management of ECE, state
management of ECE.
Through general survey of researches on education, early childhood
education, state management of education and early childhood
education, it can be seen that a relatively rich number of domestic and
foreign studies approach the issue in various angles. In which, there are
relatively plenty and abundant researches on education in general.
However, regarding state management of education and early
childhood education, the number of researches is still rather small and
the contents is just at the general level, not focusing on specific details.
In particular, there are no large-scale studies on the state management
of ECE in Hanoi city. The lack of researches for a typical area as the

of the City.
In districts, towns, the State management of ECE is assigned to
the specialized agencies such as the Education and Training
Divisions that are directly under the People's Committees of districts
and towns.
ECE institutions such as Independent private kindergartens,
nurseries will be under the state management of the communal
People's Committee.
3.3.3. Mobilization and use of resources for the state
management of early childhood education
First, the autonomous funding sources of ECE institutions

15


Public
No. School year

Non-public

Schools Class groups Children Schools Class groups Children

1 2008 - 2009

557

7,234

285,606


8,318

182,241

(Source: The Author compiled from school year summary reports
of Hanoi Department of Education and Training. 2019)
3.2.2. Quality of early childhood education in Hanoi city
According to data issued by the state management agency of early
childhood education in Hanoi city on the qualifications of public
preschool teachers in the school year 2016-2017, there are 100% of
teachers with professional qualifications from intermediate or higher
level, of which 5% of them obtain master's degree, 57% have
university degrees, 26% have college degrees and 12% have
intermediate degrees and are continuing to participate in training and
fostering to improve their professional qualifications to higher levels.
By the end of May 2019, in Hanoi city, there were 438 public
preschools meeting national standards, accounting for 56.3% of the
total number of public preschools and 20 non-public kindergartens
are of national standards. Thus, the total number of national standard
schools is 458, accounting for 40% of the total number of
kindergartens throughout the city.
3.3. Results of state management of early childhood education
in Hanoi city today
3.3.1. Promulgation and implementation of legal documents,
early childhood education programs and plans
The People's Committee of Hanoi City has issued Decision No.
27/2014/QD-UBND dated July 17th, 2014 defining the functions,
tasks, powers, organizational structure and personnel of the Hanoi
Department of Education and Training (replacing Decision No.
60/2008/QD-UBND dated December 24th, 2008 of the People's

for socio-economic development.
2.1.3. Concept, roles of State management of early childhood
education
2.1.3.1. Concept of State management of early childhood
education
State management of early childhood education is an organized
and regulated impact by the state power, on the legal basis of early
childhood education activities, carried out by competent state
authorities from the central to the grassroots to perform functions and
tasks prescribed by law to develop the cause of early childhood
education, manage physical nurturing and development, shape
personality, foster basic ethical qualities for preschoolers.
2.1.3.2. Roles of state management of early childhood education

11


Firstly, State management realizes the goals and strategies on
ECE.
Secondly, State management contributes greatly to the
achievement of ECE goals.
Thirdly, State management maintains and promotes education and
ECE to have oriented development.
Fourthly, State management ensures the provision of early
childhood education services to the entire society.
2.2. Content of State management of early childhood
education
- Develop and issue a documentation system for state
management of ECE.
- Organize the apparatus of State management of ECE.

in the state management of early childhood education.
Chapter 2 also points out factors affecting state management of
ECE, clarifies the advantages and disadvantages that these factors
create in order to have appropriate solutions to promote the
advantages and overcome the disadvantages. In addition, the study
also researches the experience in state management of early
childhood education in some localities in the country such as Ho Chi
Minh City, Da Nang and other countries such as Japan, Korea and
countries in Southeast Asia.
All of the above contents are the basis for analyzing and
evaluating the current status of ECE in Hanoi to propose solutions to
enhance the state management of ECE in the Capital.

Chapter 3
THE CURRENT SITUATION OF STATE MANAGEMENT OF
EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION IN HANOI CITY
3.1. Overview of economic and social conditions of Hanoi city
that affect the state management of early childhood education
3.1.1. Advantages
3.1.2. Difficulties, challenges
3.2. Overview of early childhood education in Hanoi city at the
present
3.2.1. Scale of early childhood education system from 2008 to
the present
The educational scale of the ECE system in Hanoi city is
mentioned and analyzed based on the criteria such as the number of
preschools, kindergartens, nurseries, and groups of independent
preschools (generally called as ECE institutions) and the number of
children cared for and raised in the ECE institutions.
Table 3.1: Total number of ECE institutions and number of