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*) Mục tiêu:
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2$3
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1.1. Mở đầu
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X_A5$5!"D&;&!0/0/&`,*K&AF&TA5$$>3
DF+P-S
…Q,J(*>,?&&T8S/,=$<$G$%$![‰
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}
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}
n
$)($./$(,(*>,KA"D&>/A"T$>/)/(*>
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n
3
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
n   n
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− −
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y
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n
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Φ
Š ‡ ‰B‡=
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Me)€=∞

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) Š= = −
Φ
Š ‰B=
$E:(B! ,$>:($./(*>,?&/! ,B
B€S/>/*%$/$./(*>
D>T2.%5$%+P
M_/T)&)&A5$$>$/G!"D&*Q4/G!0/! ,$>:/B€3
M_/T!"D&*Q4/T!0/! ,B→/G)&)&A5$$>3
M_/T!0/0/&`,1A';&3
D@49H

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1.7. Hệ quang học đồng trục
I4(Q%
X"3B <@a,J+&/&@,',KA"D&A&)!@&$($G

‡ Š 7‡
 7 Š ‡
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
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 ‡ 
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−
= = Φ
3n
MeŠ€x→Φx+J5
a
MW"3B <@a
MeŠ€w→Φw+`*1
MeŠ€=∞→Φ=+K
XtJG&!8
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3
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− −
β = = = =
3ny
Mβx€$F&4(→$F&$'
Mβw€*%$4(→&"#$$'
I>LV9%,$%0U"8

*) Tài liệu học tập
3t=&_6R/nn7BY7~%45$fYJ3
n3fsf+\\7BY7~%45$fYJ3
o3t=&_6R/Y&Œj9$_<_A2&_"D&n`&!EL0E%Q !*SFEL
Y7~%45$fYJ3
*) Câu hỏi, bài tập, nội dung ôn tập và thảo luận
A. Câu hỏi ôn tập
3~>$$%$+"#&"D&&=A&!D)&"E$&+E$)E8
F&G&•
n3_$K&:$$-$./,=)&)&Z&*>•_I!G$&‚/
>$./I&$K&:$•
o3_$K&:$$-$./,=$<*9$78•_I!G)A/$K&:$$./(*>
,?&•
b3d%$4E&$./,J0/(*>,?&J5`*s•
3t6&‚/$%$! ,$>,=;&$>! ,$>$E$./+0/&2$
!@&A5$
B. Bài tập:
1. Ž&V/,J$ZO&1K&4+>$n,
n
$GAC,J&2!•3d!•"
,J&@! ,3f^7%$!6!J$/$./!•* I))/$!JA28$%$&G$O&
T(3
2. RJ! ,)%&SA&*&&V//&"-&;&)&)&3WP/)%&I)/
*78<"#A/&"-&!0/,J! ,„$A"T$3
3. RJ&"D$/a,?$<,J&"-&!=;&!:&$G!J4 /
! $&"D!G1(J$./,1
4. „„!:&$8&"-&/|!4<T&"-&C!"D&K&&G$T&"-&
8! ,&V/3f?*//„|l!1(/A&&"-&1/|$O$%$
&"-&/
\

 !"#$!'*+&//$./)G&%)%&)E&//$.//)G&%)%&
*#&//T%)%&Al&"S&$./*>$"T$&@)%&+"#&&//3
45&$%$"-&%0/)%+"#&&//T&@! ,"*C
•&"‘&Z&*>BAC)C"‘&&"-&BAC)C"‘&(*>|C&"-&A4! &$%$
'&//%)%&3
+) 
P1,K$%$+"#&&//I!G7%$!6!"#$A"D&&//
!"#$$K&:$>6A>`)%&`3
&!"#$$%$'0/&12$3
+) 
>$,K2$>$$E$&$:A/!L*:$$./$"-&3
2.1. Bản chất điện từ của ánh sáng. Nguyên lí chồng chất
M,W.%
XN)%&)G&!+IG$G$(!+I",2:$78!+I*%$
M_A"D&!+I*K&!67:A&*K&&/,/A'4"T48&)G&T$
 $= εµ
3tT)G&1)A'C$'4"-&$./A5$7/$G

7
• • ) 

 
= ω −
 ÷
 


7
f f ) 


• • $)  3
 π
 
= ω − + α
 ÷
 
λ
 
 
n3o
WT=A30/&A1$./!8!"D&R=A,%)%&/A'A&,KA"D&3
λ=_3$"T$)G&%)%&A&$`*K&
* Y-R-")+F%
Xz/! ,)G&d"D&!J)%&8,J! ,A&*K&&/[+T1"-&!J
4/!J&)%&8! ,!G{∼
n

•

Xd"D&!J)%&8,J! ,&%A6A&1CD&/$./4O&0/&Z&!0/
,J!-64+>$$./,J,=!=K&&G$T"-&A'%)%&3
>;<=U
Xe//')G&%)%&&=/1)G&*K&,Œ8)G&*/)/
*&=/$%$)G&%)%&ƒA'!"$‹3


 n  
 
• • • 333 • •
=

  n  n  n
• • • n• • $)= + + α − α
n3y

  n n
  n n
• ) • )
/
• $) • $)
α + α
α =
α + α
n3a
X~%A6A&1$./$"D&!J)%&L&#

( )
 n  n  n


{ { { n { { 3 $) 4
τ
= + + α − α
τ
∫
n3
X…Q/A"D&#
M_A"D&#α

Xα
n

{={

M{
n
8,2! ,$"D&!J)%&!'c&/→*K&7A/+"#&&//3
*E2%))%.%%H+!9
…Q/)G&*#%A/I/&@)%&*#


n
$F&<)&=/8RA&
*K&&/R$%$


n
<"#A

A
n
Xj"-&A1)G&8


n

 
• • $) = ω

n n
• • $) = ω
Xj"-&A1)G&8R

λ
 

n3
Xd"D&!J)%&L&#8R
( )
 n  n  n
{ { { n { { $)= + + α − α
n3n
( )
 n  n
n n
 
π π
α − α = − = ∆
λ λ
n3o
∆=
n
X

+0/&A1$.///

R
n
R
’YV&! ,)%&($E$!8&//

( )
 n



n
3R=)G&$E$!8T*=,=;&A&AE$$./


n
3
Xz/)%1&//!=,$l•)&)&


n
0/)%!"#$+$%$`)%&
7C*P$G48&C→0Y!3Y


n
A(?)T*&$%$T,•→!8
C$G 7C,!8;&→0Y!%&$ T$ b
H6@_0Y!@P5&
e&$%$I&@T,0/)%{‰=r


n
=/3e”Rf⊥


n
M_8R`)%&
n  )*

%A/%)%&Al&&@,$%$%)%&$G"T$)G&Ibµ,X
yµ,
M_8‰$@&$$./($$%$%)%&!-)l$0Y@^@Y5
o
Mf/`Al&A&`,$%$`,$./$%$%)%&!-)l$)l7C:E`
,>,S&<(`,!?S7/(3
Md&7/`A&`,1$%$`,$@&$(/8$%$`)%&,&
8$A/&T*K&A†A+3
2.3. Các phương pháp quan sát hiện tượng giao thoa với nguồn điểm
*;<#R)"%H+!9WUF Y
Mt 8A/%)%&*#%$%)%&I$F&,J&@! ,78*9$78H
/)G&A'!C/$!"D&*%$/&=/3
Mt'*+$<!.! $G+"#&&//$%$)G&)G&*#$G$F&<)
+0/&A1?-!J4*#
3$
∆ < τ
"-&4/!J&$.//)G&*%$\

3
τD&/*#τX*&D&/*Q4<%78$./&iG7%$!6!J
!-)l$$./:$78τ$&T1!J!-)l$$&$/3
*K])
MrF&&@)%&! ,$nk?

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n
A,J,*K&A&)$%$!'
→
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

Mf1&//%)%&!-)l$+`&//V&!"D&;&)&)&)%&
7C*P/`A&`,‰3t=,z&Z%)%&AE$I&@T,3
e&`
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4 r
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nA
λ +
=
α
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M
MtJAJ&A"D&&//RY=nr/α≈nrα,4Œ0/)%`&//α?
*@L 'O)7
M_(,.~K!C,=)/! (5$%$/*9$78!.3Y&@!=
A"T$(,.*%7/~! /)%&T4"TV&&G$≈\
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&"-&3
Mf1&//*0$@&$($./$F,/TAE$I&@$F,/
78A,=(,.3
M_E$&+,$:&?8V&! ,!%! ,)%&8! ,&"#$8
→/4/!J&$.//78!^/!L
’"c!!$LGJ@P58!@*:!K%[S!K58!@*:U
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π
3@M-!LGJ)&!P55; 
λ
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n
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n n
n4  )  n∆ = − − λ
n3y
MY7Q∆∈,*K&5J$6A>„6A>! ,T
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MrF&(*>J5! J5$%$$F,/)%&,0/)%•!=8! ,$./
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78{
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n
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MrF&(*>! $1&//,•
!"3@MW
n n
n4  )  n∆ = − − λ
n3a
MY7Q∆∈43W1*h!J$.//$&"-$./,l?&@S*%7/
→$[/!LA&,J&T8?$"*K&!L→∆$[∈4
M)0Y!
X∆$[∈4→V&! ,A$G$F&!J44→$G$F&&%A6$./∆→$G$F&$"D&
!J)%&→8,J`&//0YC ;)&

n4 n * n*  b∆ = + λ = λ → − λ
f1&//V&!8;&)%&)&)&/7C*P)&)&T
$8$./,3
e&`
*  *
4 4
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+
− λ λ
= = ≈
α α α
n3\
HY@2
t=,J(*>@%*>$>*9$T,J(,.;&3T*K&*>
&V/(*>(,.,J,?&$G!J4/!L3d(*>$F,)%&vv
⊥,=.3_8,=$&$./(*>$G)E&=/$./$%$/78$%$/*#→
&//`$F&!J48,=$&$./(*>3
XW6A>$%$`&//
MYV&! ,:&TT*K&*>
4 * n= λ
`3T*m/$G`A&`,`
$
MYV&! ,:&TT*K&*>
( )
4 n*  b= − λ
`)%&
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MW`:*
*


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,J$(?&1'AJ&$./,k`&//`&D€mb,,3_>$)($./$(?&•
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3d,J$F,%)%&!-)l$)&)&"T$)G&λ=µ,,J,&,?&
,=)&)&c,-i&A&*K&*>$G$)(=o4"T,J&G$=
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 •
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)$G'4*K&!L$)(€=b3RJ$F,)%&!-)l$)&)&$G"T$)G&λ=
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4&//$F,/78$G$"D&!J)%&$E$!83

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!J/4&@E$‰&`A/86A>$./&@:$(3
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• „$) n  _= π
o3
M…Q,J,=*>σ!G/0/&25]LaL$$,=$G148&
!"#$$2FJ$%$5 →,k,J! ,A,=5!'AS&@
%)%&:$(3r/!J&)%&8R

R

χ$E$!8*θ=θ‡=χ=*θ‡≥πvn→4σ%)%&,8(C"-&%
*K&%)%&C$%$"-&,T%,J&G$T-πvn3
Mr/!J&4&@&`A/8j

( )
j
„   A A‡
• 4• 4 $)n 4
A A‡ _
σ σ
+
 
= σ = χ × π − σ
 ÷
λ
 
∫ ∫
o3b
Xq! ,&
Md:&?!"#$%)%&*&=$)P6Œ783
M_1,!"#$ :$4/!J&)%&→>!"#$$"D&!J)%&8($:! ,A&
*K&&/3
3.2. Phương pháp đới cầu Fresnel, phương pháp giản đồ véc tơ
*X '99\CJ"KK
9$! [!
X…Q%$45&$./)G&%)%&%A/I&`A/8,J! ,j!G
Md2,=σAF&,=!<)G&,=$<`,3
M~)ij$l,=$<σ8! ,R

3(


R
*
R
*
‡
M|%*>!T$<ρ
*
=R
*
f
*

n
MX


*

}A
*
} A
λ
ρ =
+
T*=noHo3
M_>$(%*>$./$%$!T$<›+T$Z$/$%$)&3
r+>$$./,J!T$<



o3y
R{∼
n
j
/
”18j! ,)%&$œ8j! ,3
)_( [!R@%
X…Q,=)G&$<6$lS,J,*K&A&)$GkAO‰%*>ρ

3!T
BAC)C$:/!"#$Ak

n


 
 3
} A
 
ρ
= +
 ÷
λ
 
o3a
A&!G}A

*&$%$I&@)%&TkIkT! ,jλ"T$)G&
%)%&)!T$:/Ak$G%*>ρ


/ / /
/
n n n
= + >
o3\
r!G$"D&!J)%&8j)PT-$"D&!J)%&{

**K&$G,$l&V/&@
! ,j3
MY%l@2U5;(n [!R@%=nbH1!J4/!J&)%&L&
#8j

  
j
/ / /
/
n n n
= − <


j 
{
{ {
b
→ < =
o3
W$"D&!J)%&8j)P?-$"D&!J)%&{

8j**K&$G,$l3
nn

, 
j
/
/
n
+
≈
_($$%$! ,AA5$7$./,AOS)/
,AO!'$%$! ,)%&,=$4FA5$c,
A&,'G&12$3
MG!
ŽA/&T&V/G&12$,'!"#$A2
)%&C0/&12$$G7(+V&O&AO
Œ 784>!7:&0/7$./$%$ A>>
&+,!@&`,7C*P/$G`,KK! ,
)%&c,AA5$!7:&7$./,AO3
3.4. Nhiễu xạ của sóng phẳng (nhiễu xạ Fraunhofer)
|A>>&+,1o3b/(148&$./
Œ785J$148&*>$"T$$./k
A,r"T$)G&%)%&T3
*>;d?$%-+Kh9
~)i$G,J$F,/)%&!-)l$)&)&TA2
K&&G$,=*C•1$V$G!J4K8 
!JAJ&/!G3N)%&T)P6Œ780/*CC
V&&G$ϕ*%$/3_C&f&C)XBAC)C ,k
! ,$./,=)G&!8T*C,J&@%)G&:$(
A'!,2"-&3
NOLY(*: ;$
Md/*CV&4K$F&•)&)&T *C
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n
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{ {
ϕ
α
=
α
T
/ )π ϕ
α =
λ
 o3o
_A&!G
n
n
) α
α
I/)Œ78
W$"D&!J)%&A,0/)%5J$&G$ϕ:$5J$6A>$./
! ,B
ϕ
$GV&&%A6$E$!8$E$ {
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ϕ=3
?!b/!"O !0&O!=!kJW
Xt'*+$E$ Œ78
) *
/

=
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( )
) n* 
n/
λ
ϕ = +
o3
Xd"D&!J"-&!$./$%$$E$!85

( )
*
n
n
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n* 
=
+ π
o3y
X|'AJ&$./$E$!8$>
n
4 Š3
/
λ
=

Œ788! ,A,•,ϕ?/,^!'*+3
) *
/
λ
ϕ =
T*=±±n±oHo3\
d%$$E$ `&D!"#$&2O!=_
Mϕ=O !_!f
X…Q//*#7(%I/*C**!! ,R//!G$G+0/&
A11o3
4)∆ = ϕ
o3n
MY
4) *∆ = ϕ = λ
14/!J&)%&4//!G&`A/$4/!J&4$%$/
*#I$%$*C*%$&`A/8R!@&//! ,R)P)%&O !_3W6A>$./
$%$$E$!8$>
) *
4
λ
ϕ =
T*=±±nHo3n
M~V//$E$ $>$G $G'$E$!8$>&V//$E$!8$>$G$E$
 $E$ 53
MRJ$E$!8$>&V/ϕ=
Md%$$E$ $>S/$E$!8$>&V/
) *
/
λ
ϕ =

Trích đoạn Định luật Bouguer về sự hấp thụ ánh sáng Tán xạ phân tử Công thức Planck và các hệ quả. Các dạng phát quang Giải thích được hiện tượng hấp thụ nhiều phôton.

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