DAI HOC QUdc GU HA
N6I
TRirdNG
DAI
HOC
NGOAI NGlT
Bi TAI NGHlfiN Ctft KHOA HOC CAP DAI HOC QUdc
GU
NAM
HOC
2004-
2005
THANH
NGtr
CO Ttf CHI
DONGV^T
TRONG
Tif
NG NHAT
CHUYfiN
NGANH:
TifiNG
NHAT
MA
sd:
QN- 02-08
(TOM TAT)
CHU
NHlfiM Di
TAI:
THAC SY, GIANG

D6NGVAT
TRONG
TIENG NHAT
CHUY£N
NGANH:
TI^NG
NHAT
MA SO: QN- 02-08
(TOM TAT)
CHU NHIEM
Bi
TAI:
THAC SY, GIANG VIEN CHINH NGO MINH THUY
KHOA NGON
NGU
VA
VAN HOA PHUONG DONG
HA NOI - 2005
PHAN
MO
DAU
1.
TINH CAP THIET VA LY DO CHON DE TAI
Thanh
ngfi
la
m6t
trong nhung dan vj ngdn ngu ca ban trong he thong cac
dem
vi

nhidu
ngdn ngu
khac nhau, ngucri ta se d6ng thdi tim ra duac nhung net tuang d6ng va khac biet giua nen van hoa
nay
vdi
nin van hda khac. Boi, theo each ndi cua
Montequieu,
"mud'n
tim hieu mdt nen van hda
nay thi tdt nha't hay dem chiing so sanh vdi
n6n
van hda khac" (Din theo
Nguydn
Van Khang,
[Xuy6n
van hda vdi
viae
day- hoc ngoai ngu, trang 287- 290]).
Trong nhung nam gin
day,
thanh ngu duac
nghidn
cuu ra't nhieu va
t£r
cac gdc dd khac nhau.
N6u
nhu trudc day, ngoai mdt sd cdng trinh nghien cuu ddi
chid'u
thanh ngu tieng Viet vdi thanh
ngu

"Tim
hieu cau triic va y nghla cua thanh ngu Nhat bdn chu Han trong su so sanh vdi
tie'ng Viet" (Nguyen Td Chung, 2003), trong
khi
dd,
cac ngdn ngu nay da, dang va ngay cang
ddng mdt vai trd quan
trpng
d Viet Nam, dac biet la tie'ng Nhat. Vdi sd luong cdng ty Nhat Ban
tai Viet Nam
(tinh
de'n nam 2004) la 200 cdng ty, vdi mot luang du khach Nhat Ban rat
Idn
tdi
Viet Nam hang nam, va vdi nhung mdi quan he chinh tri, kinh
t^,
van hda giua hai nudc dang
ngay cang trd nen gdn bd thi sd luang ngudi Viet Nam su dung tieng Nhat dang tang len mdt each
manh me. Theo thdng ke cua Dai su quan Nhat Ban tai Viet Nam, nam 2004 cd 13.000 hoc sinh,
sinh vien dang theo hoc tie'ng Nhat tai Viet Nam, dung
thii
ba trong cac nudc Ddng Nam A, sau
Indonesia va Thai Lan. Trong mot bdi canh nhu vay, viec nghien
ciiu
tieng Nhat ndi chung va
nghien
ciiu
thanh ngu tieng Nhat- mot dan vi ngdn ngu chiia dung rat nhieu dac diem ngdn ngu va
van hda cua ngudi Nhat- ndi rieng cd tam quan trong rat
Idn.

Tuy nhien, theo nhu tren da
ndi,
thanh ngu la dan vi ngdn ngu phan anh dam net nha't cac dac
die'm van hda
ciia
mot dan toe. Neu ngdn ngu la phuang
tien
eua tu duy, phan anh tu duy, thi
trong cac dan vi ngdn ngu, thanh ngu la
nai
ma dau a'n
ciia
tu duy con ngudi
dpng lai
ro net nhat.
Bdi vay theo chung tdi, mdt hudng mdi va can thiet trong nghien
ciiu
so sanh dd'i chieu thanh ngu
la nghien
ciiu
gan vdi van hda.
Tren thuc
i6,
mdt sd' cdng
trinh
nghien
ciiu
da de cap den van de van hda khi so sanh dd'i
chi^u
thanh ngii, vf du nhu

cdng trinh nghien
ciiu v6
thanh
ngu
tidfng
Nhat ndi chung va cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
thanh ngu tieng Nhat tren ca sd so sanh vdi
thanh ngu
tiefng
Viet ndi rieng cdn qua ft di. Tham chf, tai Viet Nam cho den nam 2005 vin chua
cd mdt cudn
tir
dien dd'i
chi^u
thanh ngu Nhat- Viet nao. Cd le cung vi ly do nay ma cac nha Viet
Ngu hpc d Viet Nam cdn cd phan chua bie't nhieu ve thanh ngu tieng Nhat. Trong bdi canh dd, d6
tki
cua chiing tdi, cung vdi viec khao sat cac dac diem cua ihanh ngu tieng Nhat, se danh mdt
phdn thfch dang cho viec gidi thieu cac quan diem ve thanh ngu tieng Nhat, dua ra mdt
biic
tranh
tuang ddi toan canh ve thanh ngu tieng Nhat. Cd nghla la, ve phuang dien
ly
luan, dua tren viec
khao sat cac cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
di trudc cua cac nha Nhat ngu hpc
la
ngudi Nhat, chiing tdi se

ciia
thanh
ngO:
ndi chung.
Tii muc dfch tren, cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
cua chiing tdi de ra nhung nhiem vu cu the nhu sau.
1) Gidi thieu mdt
each
cd phan tfch, danh gia cac cdng trinh nghien
ciiu vi
thanh ngil tie'ng
Nhat (trong
sir
lien he vdi cac cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
ve thanh ngii tren the gidi ndi chung va thanh
ngu tie'ng Viet ndi rieng).
2) Khao sat cac dac diem ve cau triic hinh thai eua thanh ngii tieng Nhat de ehi ra cac md hinh
ca'u
U-iic
hinh thai cua thanh ngii tieng Nhat, ddng thdi chi ra cac dac trung van hda Nhat Ban the
hien qua cau triic hinh thai cua thanh ngii.
3) Khao sat cac dac diem ve ngu nghla eua thanh ngii tieng Nhat de chi ra nhung dac trung ca
ban ve ngii nghla cua thanh ngir tieng Nhat, ddng thdi chi ra cac dac trung van hda Nhat Ban the
hien qua
ngir
nghia cua thanh ngu.
3.
PHUDNG PHAP NGHIEN CUU VA

sir
dung phuang phap nghien
ciiu
so sanh ddi
chi^u.
Tuy nhien, vdi muc dfch chfnh la tim ra nhung dac trung cua thanh ngu
tie^ng
Nhat ndi rieng va ciia ngdn ngii- van hda Nhat Ban ndi chung qua viec khao sat thanh ngii, cac
dac trung ve cdu tnic hinh thai cOng nhu
ngii
nghla cua thanh ngii tie'ng Viet duac chung tdi coi la
phuang tien nghien
ciiu.
Chiing tdi khdng dat thanh ngii
ti€ng
Nhat va thanh ngu tie'ng Viet thanh
hai ddi
tuptig
nghien
ciiu
song song trong cdng trinh nghien curu nay.
Thdng thudng, khi nghien
ciiu
thanh ngii gdn vdi van hda, van de khdng
th^
bd qua la nghien
cihi
thanh ngu
v^
phuang dien ngii nghia. Tuy nhien, nhu d phdn tren da ndi, theo chiing tdi, khi

ciia
thanh ngii.
Viec khao sat nhdm thanh ngii cd tu ehi ddng vat- mdt nhdm thanh ngu
ehiem
ti le eao trong
eae thanh ngii trong tie'ng Nhat ndi chung va cac ngdn ngu tren the
gidi
ndi rieng- cd
gia
tri cung
cdp nhiing tu lieu cu the va
chi
tie't ve hinh thai eau triic, ngu nghla eua thanh ngii tieng Nhat.
Ngoai ly do cac thanh ngii cd tii chi ddng vat ed sd luang
Idn
trong thanh ngu, viec chon nhdm
thanh ngu nay lam tu lieu khao sat ehi tiet cdn cd mdt ly do khac la ddng vat (gdm ca con vat
nudi va con vat hoang da) la nhiing dd'i tuang gdn
gQi
vdi con ngudi va eon ngudi thudng gui gdm
vao dd each danh
gia,
quan diem
cQng
nhu hinh dung cua minh ve the' gidi xung quanh. Qua
nhdm thanh ngii nay, cd the thay rd duac nhieu dac diem ve the
gidi
quan va nhan smh quan eua
mdt dan tdc.
TCr ke't qua khao sat

•
^f§(7)tIffl(^^2001thanhnguNhat-Anh'\[173]).
De khao sat dac trung ve hinh thai cdu tnic va ngii nghla cua nhdm thanh ngii tieng Nhat ed
tii chi ddng vat, chung
tdi sir
dung
316
thanh ngu thude nhdm nay de khao sat. Day la nhiing
thanh ngii tieng Nhat ed
sir
dung
tir
ehi ddng vat ma chiing tdi thu thap duac tu
mdt so
cudn
iir
die'n tieng Nhat va tu dien thanh ngu tie'ng Nhat khac nhau, nhu
^E§W Seigo rin
[194],
i2:i^^
koojien [192] , 2001
B
^M'ltffi^
•
^^W^^
2001
Nihongo kanyoo ku - Eigo kanyoo
ku
[173] v.v.
5.

thanh ngii mdt each cd he thdng ve ca hinh thai cdu triic va ngQ nghia ed vai trd nhu mdt su chiing
minh cho hudng nghien
ciiu
van hda ke't hap vdi ngdn ngu trong
linh
vuc thanh ngii.
b. Ve mat thuc tiin:
De tai giiip nhung ngudi hpc tap, nghien
ciiu
va su dung
ti^ng
Nhat ndm
viitig
nhung dac
diem ve cdu triic hinh thai cung nhu ngu nghla eua thanh ngu tie'ng Nhat, lit dd ed the hieu chfnh
xac cac thanh ngii tieng Nhat, gdp phdn cho viec dich thuat thanh ngii
ciia
hai ngdn ngii dat hieu
qua.
Nhung dac trung ve van hda Nhat Ban the hien qua thanh ngii ma cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
ehi
ra se giiip ngudi Viet Nam hieu sau sdc them ve van hda Nhat Ban, ddng thdi, gdp phdn vao viec
tang cudng su hieu bie't
Idn
nhau
giua
hai dat nudc.
Phdn phu luc vdi cac bang thd'ng ke mdt sd thanh ngu tieng Nhat thdng dung cd tii ehi ddng
vat giiip nhiing ngudi dang nghien

VA THANH
NGlT TI^NG
NHAT
1.1. Lich su nghien curu thanh nguf va nhumg van de ly thuyet ca ban ve thanh ngur
1.1.1. Quan niem ve thanh ngur
Bdt ddu
tiir
nhiing nam 20 cua the ky XX, ngudi ta da bdt ddu de cap de'n thanh ngu trong cac
cdng trinh nghien
cihi.
Tuy nhien, viec nghien
ciiu
thanh ngu mdt each cd he thd'ng va rdm rd tren the' gidi duac dien
ra bat ddu tii khoang giua the ky XX, dac biet la nhiing nam
50-
60, va keo dai cho tdi nay.
Trong
ti^ng
Anh, ngudi ta thudng dung thuat ngu "idiom" de ehi nhiing dan vi duac gpi la
"thdnh
ngff'
trong
tiefng
Viet. Tuy nhien, cung cd nhieu each dinh nghia khac nhau
v^
dan vi nay.
Chang han, cudn tii
die'n
"Oxford English Dictionary" dua ra tdi 5 dinh nghia ve thanh ngii
(idiom). Cud'n

ngQ'
cd nghia bdng
{nepeuocHoe
inaHenue).
Mac
dii
ve ca ban thi cac nha nghien
ciiu
Nga
d6u
dua vao tfnh ed dinh ve edu tnic va
tinh
ed
sdn, khdng phan chia cat dupe ve ngii nghia cua thanh ngu de nghien
eiiu,
nhung do
eae
nha
nghien
ciiu
dua vao cac thupc tfnh khac nhau eua thanh ngu, dac trimg va ban chdt cua thanh ngii
duac neu ra cung tuang ddi khac nhau. Chdng han O. X. Akhmanova coi dac tfnh quan trpng nhdt
cua thanh ngu la tfnh toan ven ciia dinh danh, A. A. Reformatxkii coi trpng
tinh
khdng the dich
sang ngdn ngii khac, N. M. Shanxki nhdn manh den
tinh
tai hien trong ldi ndi.Theo V. P. Giucop
[248], [249],
cac dac diem rieng cua thanh ngii

phai ke
d^n
nha ngdn ngu hoc ngudi Nga
V.V. Vinogradov [240] . V. V. Vinogradov chia thanh ngii ra thanh ba nhdm la thdnh
ngil
dung
hap hay cdn gpi la thdnh ngu kit dinh
{(ppaseojiosunecKue
cpau^enuR),
thdnh ngu tong hap hay
cdn gpi la thdnh ngu thong
nhdt {(ppaseo/ioeuuecKue eduncmea)
va ihanh ngu to hap hay cdn gpi
la thdnh ngu ket hap
{(ppaseo/ioeuHecKue
conemanim).
Nhieu nha nghien
ciiu
sau nay da dua ra eae y kien rieng
ciia
minh ve viec phan loai thanh ngii.
Tuy nhien, rdt nhieu y kien dua ra hoac la phat trien hay bd xung them quan diem
ciia
V.V.
Vinogradov, hoac la nhdm giai quyet nhiing diem cdn mau thudn trong quan die'm ctia dng, cd
nghla la ve ca ban nhieu cdng trinh nghien cuu sau nay cung dua vao quan diem
eiia
Vinogradov.
Vl du, N.M. Shanxki
[268],

{dan vi mang tinh thdnh
ngii),
(ppaseoJioausM
{thdnh
ngic),
noeoeopKa
{thdnh
ngit),
nocjiOBHua
{tuc
ngii).
Cach
sir
dung bd'n ten
gpi nay cua cac nha nghien
ciiu
Nga cd su chdng cheo, tao ra cam giac map md, khdng ro rang
giiia cac khai niem.
Tdng hop y
kiefn
ciia cac nha nghien
ciiu
di trudc, ddng thdi chpn ra nhirng y kie'n cd ca sd
Id
gfc va thda dang nhdt, cd the thdy rdng cac dan vi cd tfnh thanh ngii
{(ppaseojioeu^ecKue
eduHuijbi)
trong
tig'ng
Nga vi ban chdt la nhiing cum tii cd dinh, ndi bat bdi tfnh tai hien va

eduHtibi
{cdc dan vi mang tinh thdnh
ngu),
<ppa3eo/ioeu3M
{thdnh
ngii),
nocnoeuiia
{tuc
ngu),
trong dd hai thuat ngu
(ppaseo/ioeusjvt
va
nocnoeuiia
tuang duang vdi
hai
thuat ngtr thdnh ngu va
tuc
/2gt?
trong tie'ng Viet.
Trong gidi nghien
ciiu
thanh ngu tieng Anh,
ngudi
ta cung thay tdn tai nhieu each phan loai
thanh ngii khac nhau.
Charles. F.
Hokkett*s
[225] quan niem vd thanh ngii rat rpng. Theo each phan loai
eiia
dng, cac

A. Makkai ed each phan loai thanh ngii hoan toan khac Charles. F. Hockett. Can
eii
vao nghla
ciia
thanh ngu, dng chia thanh ngii thanh
hai
nhdm la encoding idioms ("thanh ngii ghi ma") va
decoding idioms ("thanh ngii giai ma").
A. V. Kynin [253 chia cac dan vi (ma theo chiing tdi la tuang duang vdi khai niem cum
tic
cd
dinh) thanh ba nhdm la thdnh ngu
{pharazeological
units/ idioms), bdn thdnh ngu {semi- idioms)
va dan vi ngu cu
(phraseomatic
units). A.V. Kynin dinh nghla thdnh
ngil
{pharazeological units
hoac idioms) la nhiing dan vi ngdn
ngir
ed the phan tach ra ve mat eau tnic va co y nghla bi
ehuye'n toan bd hay mdt phdn la nhung ldi ndi dn du ed dinh. Ban thanh
ngCr
{semi- idioms), la
nhirng cum
tir
ed dinh ddng
thdi
cd hai nghia la nghla den va nghia bdng, trong dd nghia den

phuang dien ca'u tao, cac thanh td
true
tidp ca'u tao
nen
thanh ngii la tur, cdn cac thanh td
true
tidp ca'u tao
nen
tii la cac hinh vi.
So sanh thanh ngii va cum tiir tu do cho thay ca hai don vi ddu la nhiing td hop tiir, do hai hay
nhieu
tir
hap thanh, nhung thanh
ngiicd tinh
tai hien trong idi ndi, cdn cum
tir tudo
khdng cd tfnh
tai
hidn.
Ban than thanh ngii la mdt dan vi ngdn ngir cd san, tdn tai ddc lap trong ngdn
ngir,
nhung
cum tii tu do, gid'ng nhu ten gpi the hien, la nhiing dan vi duoc cdu tao mdt each tu do, tiiy theo
hdan canh va ngudi sir dung. Xet
v^
mat y nghla tir vung, ta't ca cac cum tur tu do
d^u
cd y nghia
la tong hap cac y nghla
ciia

dan,
cQng
ed tfnh ed dinh, tdn tai d dang ed sdn trong ngdn ngii va thudng bieu thi mdt khai
mem
nhu newspaper (bao), homeland (que huang), raicoat (ao
mUdi),
fish- farm {xi nghiep nudi ca),
skating ring (san truat bang). Tuy vay, quan niem ve dan vi ngdn ngii nay khdng gidng nhau giiia
cac ngdn ngir, va ngay trong ciing mdt ngdn ngu thi ddi vdi timg trudng hop cu the, y
kidn eiia
eae
nha ngdn ngu: hpc cung khac nhau, ching han railway (dudng sdt) trong tidng Anh dupe coi la tir
ghep,
trong khi
^fcenesHaH dopoea
("dudng sdt") trong tidng Nga thi ed ngudi cho la tir ghep, ed
ngudi eho la thanh ngir. Su khd khan trong viec phan biet giira tir ghep vdi thanh ngtr cung xay ra
trong tidng Viet
Tranh luan cung xay ra khi cac nha nghien
ciiu
phan biet thanh
ngir
vdi dan vi ma trong
tie'n<>
Viet dupe gpi la "tuc ngii" (trong tidng Nga gpi la
nocJl06u^a,
tidng Anh gpi
\d.
proverb).
1.1.4. Nhan xet •

(5) Thanh
ngii"
khac vdi tue
ngir
d chd tuc ngu ludn ed hinh thiic cdu tnic la eau, eon thanh ngu chi
cd mdt sd dan vi cd hinh thiic eau tnic la eau, cdn phdn
Idn
cd hinh thiic cau tnic la cum tir; tuc
ngii cd chiic nang thdng bao, trong khi thanh ngu ed tfnh chat dinh danh.
1.2. Lich
sir
nghien cuu thanh ngir tieng Viet va quan niem
ciia
gidi Viet ngii hpc ve thanh
ngu tieng Viet
0 Viet Nam, cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
dau tien ve thanh ngu la ban bao cao cua Pham Quynh
nhan de "Ve tuc ngu va ca dao" dupe dng dpc vao thang 4 nam 1921. cudn "Tuc
ngCr
va phong
8
dao"
ciia Nguyen Van Ngpc xudt ban nam 1928 la hap tuyen thanh ngu tidng Viet ddu tien cd
chiia mdt luong
Idn
thanh ngu [40,
tr.l2],.
Viec nghien
cihi

Idn Idn
xay ra khi cac tac gia khac nhau cd
each nhin khac nhau vd viec xac dinh mdt dan vi ngdn ngir cu the
thude
nhdm nao trong ba nhdm
nay, hoac la su
Idn Idn
khi cung diing mdt cai ten la "thanh ngii" hay "quan ngir" de chi nhirng
don vi cd ban chdt khac nhau. Dieu nay chiing tdi se trinh bay trong phdn phan biet giira thanh
ngu: vdi cac dan vi ngdn ngu khac. Nhu vay, ndu ehi xet ve ten gpi, thi thuat ngir "thanh
ngir"
dupe dung mdt each nhdt quan trong gidi Viet ngir hpc.
V^
ban chdt cua thanh ngir, gidi Viet
ngir
hpc cd mdt sd dinh nghia khac nhau.
Tuy mdi tac gia khi dinh nghia thanh ngii deu ed dd cap ddn mdt sd khfa canh khac niia
(chang han, Nguyin Nhu Y, Ha Quang Nang, Dd Viet Hiing, Dang Ngpc Le nhan manh ddn dac
di^m ciia
thanh
ngir
la mdt chinh the dinh danh, hpat ddng nhu mdt ttr rieng biet
[192];
Nguyen
Van Tu
chii
y ddn hai dac diem la cac tir eau tao thanh ngii mdt tfnh ddc lap va nghia cua thanh
ngii khac vdi nghla
ciia
tir nhung ed the giai thfch bdng tir nguyen hpc

1.2.3. Nhan xet
Cd the tdm tdt ban cha't
eiia
thanh ngii tidng Viet dua vao cac quan dilm
ciia
cac nha Viet Ngii
hpc nhu sau:
1) Thanh ngir la mdt cum tir cd dinh, cd tfnh dn dinh ve eau tnic va vl thanh phdn tir vung cau tao
nen nd.
2) Thanh ngir cd tfnh hoan chinh, bdng bdy vl y nghla va y nghia dd khdng phai la tdng cac y
nghia cua eae dan vi tir vung eau tao
nen
nd.
3) Thanh ngir thudng ed tfnh bilu cam.
4) VI cdu tnic, thanh
ngir
thudng ed cdu true la cum tir, mdt sd trudng hop ed cdu true la eau (cum
ehii
vi).
5) VI chiire nang tao eau, thanh ngir tuang duang vdi mdt tir.
6) VI y nghla tir vung, thanh
ngCr
thudng tuang duang vdi mdt tir hoac mdt cum tir.
7) Thanh ngir cd chiic nang dinh danh su vat, hien tuang, qua trinh, tinh chat.
8) Vi thanh ngu
Id
cum tir cd dinh (don vi cd sdn eua ngdn ngii) nen ranh gidi
giua
dan
vi

Thdnh ngQ
Mdt td hop ttr eo
cdu tnic la mdt cum
ttr hoac mdt eau,
phdn
Idn
cd van
dieu
Chat che, cd dinh,
cd sdn trong ngdn
ngii
Tic ghep
Mdt cum ttr hoac mdt
x6 hap ciia ttr va hinh
vi hay mdt td hap cac
hinh vi
Cd tfnh bdng bay,
khdng phai la tdng
cac y nghia
eiia
cac
ydu td, khd suy ra
dupe tir y nghia
eiia
cac thanh td
Dinh danh
sir
vat,
hien
tugng,

ciia
cac thanh td
cdu tao
Khdng cd
chiic nang
dinh danh
Tuc ngit
Mdt td hap ttr
cd cdu tnic la
mdt cau, phdn
Idn
cd vdn dieu
Chat che, cd
dinh, cd sdn
trong ngdn ngii
Cd tfnh khai
quat cao,
thudng khdng
suy ra
dupe
tir
y nghla
ciia
cac
thanh td cdu tao
Dinh danh su
tinh,
su kien
ve
chiic

y
Bieu thi mdt
thdng bao, kdt
luan, chan ly,
kinh nghiem
Vfdu
mot ndng hai
xuang; noi toac
mong heo; ro nhu
ban ngdy; tdi nhu
mice
xe dap; bit nhin;
hgc sinh; chdu chdu;
Idp
Idnh;
do
choe
cue
chdng
dd; noi tom
Igi;
nhin
chung; noi
cho ciing;
cua ddng toi
Song
CO
khiic
nguai
CO

mdt sd nha nghien
ciiu
ngdn ngu, thdi
ky nay cac cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
hoac la d dang cac bai vidt vdi sd luang ft va le te, dd cap ddn
cac vdn de nhu dinh nghla thanh ngii, ranh gidi
giCra
thanh ngu va cac dan vi ngdn ngii khac, phan
loai thanh
ngii
vl mat cdu tnic v.v. hoac la nhutig phdn dinh nghla tuang ddi dan gian trong cac
cudn sach vl ttr vung tidng Nhat. Nhutig cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
Idn,
ed tfnh he thd'ng va toan dien
vl thanh ngu tidng Nhat vdn chua xudt hien.
Mac
dti
ra ddi mudn va cd dilu kien ke thira thanh tuu cua eae cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
di trudc,
nhung
khi nghien
ciiu
thanh ngu tidng Nhat, cac nha Nhat ngu hpc vdn khdng tranh khdi nhimg
vdn dl da va dang gay tranh cai giu:a cac nha
nghien
cuu thanh ngii trong cac ngdn ngu khac, nhu
vdn dl dinh nghia thanh

dung
cii ")
vd seiku
(f^
'&]
—"thdnh
cU")
3) Seiku
(f^^^
-"thdnh
cii"),
ippan rengo ku
f—/JxiSfg^
- "cum tic
thong thuang"), kaku gen
(^'S
-"cdch
ngdn"),
kotowaza
(M'-"tuc
ngu" ), vd kanyoo ku
C\M^^
~"qudn
dung
cii"
4) Kaishyaku kata kanyoo ku
fS^f^S'lSffl'S]-thanh
ngii dang
giai
thfch^

6) Seigo
(^^-
"thdnh
ngu"),
kotowaza
(&-"tuc
ngu") va kanyoo ku
('IMM'^-"qudn
dung
cii")
1.3.2.2.
Phan biet thanh ngflr vdi cac don vj khac
1) Phan biet thanh ngu vdi tir
2) Phan biet thanh
ngu"
va cum tir tu do
3) Phan biet thanh ngii va cum ttr cd dinh
4) Phan biet thanh ngu: vdi tuc
ngii"
1.3.3.Nhan
xet va dinh vi ten gpi "thanh ngflr tieng Nhat" trong de tai
1.3,3.1.
Nhan xet
Cac cdng trinh nghien
ciiu eiia
cac nha thanh ngu hpc tieng Nhat mac
dti
cdn tuang ddi ft
di
nhung da ddng gdp mdt phdn rat

khi
Id
ciia ban than mdt nhd nghien cuu).
Dl thoa man cac dac diem cua thanh ngii tidng Nhat va dung hda
dupe
quan dilm cua cac
nhd nghien cuu khac nhau vl thanh ngQ, cd
thi
he thdng hda cac dan vi mang tfnh thanh ngu
trong tidng Nhat bdng sa dd 1.4. dudi day.
So do
1.4
Cac don vi mang
tinh
thanh ngur trong tieng Nhat
Kanyoo teki na hyoogen
("Quan dung bilu hien"= Cach diln dat mang tfnh thanh ngii)
Kanyoo go
^^—""^
Kanyoo ku
I
Kotowaza-
("quan dung ngir") ("quan dung
cii")
("tuc ngCr", "each ngdn")
1.3.3.2.
Dinh vi khai niem "thanh ngflr tieng
Nhat"
trong de tai
1) La nhutig cum ttr cd dinh.

•
^^tlj't'=
"Dua cdm
ra"=
met nhoai, kiet
siic
ago wo dasu
Tuy nhien, cung cd khdng ft trudng hpp thanh ngii cd cdu tnic la cau. Vf du:
•
^75^TT)^
'S
: " ddu
ciii
xud'ng"= kham phuc, ngudng md
atama ga sagaru
2.1.1.I.Thanh
ngflr co cau triic la cum
tir.
Thanh ngii cd cdu tnic la cum tur chidm dai da sd trong cac thanh ngir tidng Nhat.
2.1.1.1.1.
Thanh ngflr co ca'u
true
la cum danh
tir
(thanh ngflr- danh ngflr)
Day la nhutig thanh ngii ma trong dd vai trd hat nhan do mdt danh ttr dam nhiem.Trong tidng
Nhat, thanh ngu:- danh ngu trong cd nhtrng dang cau tao chfnh nhu sau:
1) Danh
ttr-
trpttr/io-danh

•
7]^^'i%tz'^.
mizu wo eta sakana
=
"ca ed nudc"= gap diing dieu kien thuan
Ipi
dl phat huy
siic
manh
ciia
minh
4) Tinh tur- danh ttr (T- D)
•
i^M
yowa goshi= "hpng ye'u"= rut re, nhiit nhat
5) Danh ttr- trp ttr
ni-
danh ttr
{Dl'ni-D2)
•
®(Ci§fifi
nekoni
katsuobushi=
"Dua ca tiing khd cho meo"=
= giri/ dua cho ai dd
thii
ma ngudi dd cue ky thfch hpac mudn cd
= Gui tning cho dc, de
md
truac mieng meo

la cum dpng
tir (thanh
ngflr- dpng ngflr)
Trong tidng Nhat, thanh ngii cd cau true la ddng ngu thudng cd cac dang cdu tao nhu sau:
1) Danh ttr- trp ttr wo - ngoai ddng tir
(N-
wo- Vt)
Vfdu:
13
•
h {f S
^t^
ageashi
wo torn
= "turn lay cai chan gio len" = bcri moc, che bai ai do = vach
Id
tim sau
2)
Tinh
tit-
danh
til-
tro
til
wo- ngoai ddng tir (A-N- wo- Vt)
Vl du:
,.,. .
^ -y-V ^ff ^tS 9 = "hiit nudc
ngpt"= thu loi bang
each

tsukau
= "Su dung bang
cam"= khdnglam gl
ma
chi
sai bao nguoi khac
mOt
cach
hach dich= chi tay ndm ngon
6) Danh tit/ danh
ngC
- trp tit to- dpng tir (N- to- V)
Vidu:
mizu no
awa
to nam
= "Trd
thanh bpt
nu6c"= vp
fch
7) Danh tit- trp tit wo- danh tit- trp tit
m-
V
(NI
- wo- N2- ni- V)
Vl du:
•
g^JIIL(-i~-5mevvo
sara ni sum
= "Lam mat thanh cai

2.1.1.2. Thanh ngiir
CO
cau triic
la
cau , ,.
Dng
ph6 bien
cua thanh ngu co cau true la eau trong tieng Nhat la mot cum chu
vi voi
trp tu
";6V
ga" Cu the trong
sd la
trong
2001
thanh ngu tieng Nhat dupe khao sat, co 334 thanh ngu co
ca'u
true
la
mOt
c'au, chiem
ti le
16,7%. Tat ca 334 thanh ngu nay deu co ca'u tnic la eau don, phan
16n la ca'u triic gdm
1
chu ngii va
1 vi
ngu. Vi du:
atama ga itai - "dau
dau"=

m.7i'^yL-^
hara
ga tatsu= "bung dung
ien"= tiie gian=
tuc
Ion
mgt
2) Danh tir- trp tir ga- danh tir- wo- dong tir (Dl ga- D2 wo- D):
14
kane ga mono wo in =
"ti6n
ndi
chuyen"=
tien quydt dinh
3) Danh tir- trp ttr
kara-
N2- trp tir ga- ddng tii ( Dl-
kara-
D2-
ga-
D):
Kao kara hi ga dem = "Lira phat ra ttr
mat"=
dd mat, xiu ho
4) Danh
tir-
trp ttr
mo-
danh ttr- trp tif mo- ddng tii (Dl- mo- D2- mo- D):
mi

true
la cau
57T
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Dqng cdu tqo
D-ga-
D
Dl-ga-D2-wo-D
Dl tara-D2-ga-D
Dl-
mo- D2- mo- D
Dl-m-D2-^a-D
D-ga-
T
D1-OT0-D2-WT0-D
Vidu
^t'^v^'b
ashi ga
deru
^75^^-^H 3
kane ga mono wo iu
H 7D ^ 6
>*<
z^^"

Thanh ngflr phi ddi xiing thdng thudng
2.1.2.1.2. Thanh ngflf phi ddi xiing dang so sanh
2.1.2.2. Thanh ngflr co cau triic ddi
xflmg
2.2.
Dac
trung ngflr nghla cua thanh ngflr tieng Nhat
2.2.1.
Tinh
hinh
anh- an du cua thanh ngflr tieng Nhat
Nhin ttr gdc dd ngu:
nghia
cua thanh ngir tidng Nhat ed the tha'y rang tfnh ti du
eiia
thanh ngir
dupe the hien qua ta't ca cac dang
ciia
phep ti du.
Ve nguyen tie, each dien dat ti du va
an
du neu tren dupe thuc hien thdng qua
sir
lien tudng:
mdt su vat, hien tuong dupe ngudi ta lien tudng tdi su vat,
hien
tupng khac do nhiing dac diem
<yidng
nhau
ciia

hpp nhau
2) Nghia cua cac thanh td ca'u tao cd the hieu dupe, va toan the thanh ngu dupe hinh thanh tir
nhiing cum ttr tu do thdng thudng, nhung
dupe
hieu theo nghla an du. Nghla gdc
ciia
cac thanh to
ca'u tao van
dupe
bao luu. Vf du:
• ^^'^fR^'k
0 '
hiyameshi wo
kuu=
"an cam
ngudi"=
chan nan do khdng
dupe
danh
gia
cao.
3)
loan
th^
thanh
ngu:
mang nghla an du. nhung nghia gdc cua cac thanh td ca'u tao
h^u
nhu da
bi

didm
vd van hda
Nhat Ban.
Vi
du:
•
^ ^ ttii"(
ago wo dasu- "chia cam ra" = met mdi, kiet
siic
•
^;i^#V ^{shiri
ga aoi
=
"mdng xanh" ) = ngay tha.
r=:B(DMM
{muika no ayame I muika no
shoobu-
"la bd hoang vao ngay mdng
6")
=
mudn, khdng cd gia tri gi nua.
•
1/
>o}^
9 <75^l ^=
itsuboo no arasoi
=
"tran da'u gitra con gie giun va con
trai"=
danh nhau

cd ttr chi mau sac
TI^U
K^T
a)
yi
ca'u true hinh thai
(1) Thanh ngii tidng Nhat
dupe
chia thanh hai nhdm
Idn
la thdnh ngii co cdu
trite Id
cdu va thdnh
ngQ CO
cdu triic Id cum
tic.
Sd
lupng
thanh ngu cd cau true la cau trong tidng Nhat nhieu han han
so vdi tidng Viet: ti le cua nhdm thanh ngir nay tren tdng sd thanh ngu: dupe khao sat la 16,7 %
ddi vdi tidng Nhat va 4 % ddi vdi tidng Viet. Trong sd cac thanh ngu tidng Nhat cd cau true la cau,
khdng cd trudng hop nao cd dang ca'u tao dd'i
xumg
trong
khi
dd dang cau tao ddi xiing
lai
xua't
hien rat nhieu trong thanh ngu cd ca'u true la cau
ciia

CO
cdu
true Id
cum danh
tii
(thanh ngu- danh ngu), thdnh
ngic
co cdu triic
Id
cum tinh
tii
(thanh
16
ngii-tinh
ngu), thdnh ngii co cdu
true Id
cum
dgng tic
(thanh ngii- ddng ngu), trong dd nhdm thanh
ngS-
ddng
ngu:
chidm ti
le
cao nhit.
(4) Nhdm thanh ngir ed ca'u tnic la mdt cum danh ttr (thanh ngQ- danh ngir) trong tieng Nhat
chidm ti
le
14,34% trong sd cac thanh ngu: dupe khao sat. Cac dang cau tao
ciia

Idn
so vdi thanh ngu tidng Viet, bdi vi nhdm thanh
ngQ-
tinh
ngQ trong tidng Viet chidm mdt ti le
tuang
ddi 1dm trong tdng sd thanh ngu
dupe
khao
sat: 245 trudng hop tren tdng sd 3227 thanh ngQ, chidm 7,59 % (gap 75,9 lan so vdi ti le nay trong
thanh ngQ tidng Nhat). Trong sd cac thanh ngQ- tinh ngu cua tieng Viet, cd nhieu thanh ngQ cd
ca'u triic dd'i
ximg,
va ra't nhidu thanh ngu so sanh.
(6) Thanh ngQ ed ca'u true la mdt cum ddng
iQ
(thanh ngu- ddng ttr) trong tidng Nhat chidm ti
Id
cao trong eae thanh ngQ tidng Nhat
dupe
khao sat (chidm
71,6%
trong tdng sd cac thanh ngu duac
khao sat). Cflng nhu cac nhdm thanh ngu khac
ciia
tidng Nhat, nhdm thanh ngu- ddng ngu cd ca'u
triic dan gian, tap trung vao mdt sd dang cau tao
chii
ydu, dl xac dinh. Dang thanh ngu cd cau
tnic dd'i xiing hin nhu khdng gap trong cac thanh ngu- ddng ngu tidng Nhat duac khao

thanh
ngQ cua cac ydu td ca'u tao khdng ro rang; 2) nhdm thanh ngu trong dd nghla
ciia
cac thanh td ca'u
tao cd the hieu duac, va toan bd thanh ngu
dupe
hinh thanh tQ nhumg cum tQ tu do thdng thudng
nhung dupe hieu theo nghla an du; 3) Nhdm thanh ngu ma nghla tdan the
ciia
thanh ngu mang
tfnh
an
du, nhung nghia cua cac thanh td cau tao hau nhu da mat
di;
4) nhdm thanh ngu ma ngay
tQ din curn tQ dd da dupe sir dung vdi nghla an du va nghla
ciia
tung ye'u td hdan tdan khdng xac
lap dupe; 5) nhdm thanh ngQ mang nghla an du dupe hinh thanh tQ cac dac diem van hda Nhat
Ban; 6) nhdm thanh ngQ cd nhia bat ngudn
tQ
cac thanh ngu tidng Han.
(3)-Nhin tQ gdc dd trudng nghia
ciia
thanh ngQ cho thay thanh ngu tidng Nhat de cap ddn mpi mat
ciia
cude sdng con ngudi nhu lao ddng san xuat, chien tranh. quan he
giua
con ngudi vdi con
ngudi, quan he giQa con ngudi vdi the

nghla phong phu, trong dd the
hien
nhung dac trung van hda rat neng cua ngudi Nhat.
17
CHUONG 3
DAC
TRUNG CUA THANH
NG0 TB^NG NH^T
CO
Tl/
CHI DONG VAT
3.1.
Dac
trung ve cau
true hinh
thai
La mdt nhdm thanh ngQ xet theo trudng nghia cua
thanh
td ca'u tao, thanh ngu tidng Nhat ed
tQ
chi ddng vat tit
nhidn
cung mang nhQng dac trung chung vd ca'u tnic hinh thai nhu nhung thanh
ngQ
khac.
Nhdm thanh ngQ cd cin
true
la mdt cum tQ cQng gdm ba nhdm la thanh ngu - danh ngQ, thanh
ngQ-
ddng ngQ va thanh ngQ-

hay hinh
dung
ciia
con ngudi ve ddng vat dd. Vf du:
•
XK^R(DM
manaita no
koi=
"con cac chep tren
thdt"=
cd ndm tren that
2) Dua vao cac dac diem sin cd
ciia
con vat.
- Dac diem ben ngoai ma khi nhin thiy, ngudi Nhat lien tudng ddn nhung dieu khac. Vf du:
•
S:fe,c7)
J:
9
/^fs-
shirauo no yoo na
yubi^"
"ngdn tay nhu cdn ca
lring"=ngdn
tay dai,
thon nhd va tring mudt.
- Dac diem ve tfnh each hay tap quan
sinh
hoat
ciia

nhit trong thanh ngQ tidng Nhat la ca, chd, meo, ngua, thd, sau/ bp, bd, chudt.
3.2.3.
V
nghla
tir
vung cua thanh ngflr tieng Nhat co tu chi
dpng^vat
Ndu nhin tQ gdc dd
tinh
da nghla
ciia
thanh ngu, cd the thiy ring thanh ngu tidng Nhat cd tu
chi ddng vat, cung nhu cac thanh ngQ tidng Nhat ndi chung,
chia
ihanh
hai
nhdm la: 1) thanh ngQ
cd mdt y nghla tQ vung (thanh ngu dan nghla vf
du,X^
t
-
Inu kaki
("con chd
bdi"=bai
chd),
5S
S"-
nekojita ("ludi
meo"=
ngudi khdng an dupe dd ndng); va 2) thanh ngu cd

1. lam
nhQng viec khdng cin
thidt,
2. them thit nhQng
chi net
khdng cd that vao cau chuyen
)
CA.i
HCC
'
JGC
C
-
MA
NO!
DT
/^z4
18
Thkah
ngii co
mPt y
nghla tir vung chiem
81
%, thanh ngu co hai y nghla tir vung chiem 19 %
trong t6ng
s6
cac thanh ngfi
dupe
khao sat.
N^u

ngira"=
mat ngua);
it
m^-
inu shi ni ("thanh cai che't cua ch6"= chet nhuc nhu cho);
M(OZ—&J:^'-
neko no ko
ippiki
nai
("khPng
c6 la'y mot con meo con"= vdng nhu
chiia
ba danh) ;
511(7)11 W
J:
9
- neko no
hitai no
yoo ("nhu tran meo"= hep nhu
16
mfli/
be nhu mat muPi).
Trong nhom
thinh
ngu tie'ng Nhat co thanh ngu tie'ng Viet tuong duong
ve
y nghla tir
vung,
CO
tha tha'y ba tieu loai, g6m 1) thanh ngu tie'ng Nhat diing cac tir chi dpng vat, nhung thanh ngu

dupe
khao sat, co 99 thanh ngfl co
thanh ngfl tieng Viet tuong duong. Trong so 99 thanh ngfl nay, co 28 trucmg hop thanh ngfl trong
hai
ng6n ngfl
sir
dung tfl chi cflng mpt dpng vat. 38 trucmg hpp su dung tfl chi cac dpng vat khac
nhau va 33 trucmg hop thanh ngfl tieng Nhat su dung tfl chi dpng vat nhung thanh ngfl tieng Viet
tuong duong thi khong su
dung.
(Xem
chi
tiet
a
bang trong cuP'n toan van cua de
tai.)
Tl£u K]^T
La mpt nhom thanh ngfl cua tieng Nhat, duong nhien thanh ngu co tfl
chi
dpng vat mang dac
trung chung cua thanh ngfl tieng Nhat. Do la nhflng dac trung ma chiing tPi da phan tfch ky va
trinh bay torn tat lai trong phan tieu ket cua chuong 2. Tuy vay, voi dac diem rieng la trong thanh
pha'n ca'u tao co cac tfl chi dpng vat, nhom thanh ngfl nay cflng mang mpt so dac trung khac nfla
v6
mat ngfl
nghia.
Nhflng dac trung do co the torn tdt nhu sau.
(1) Thanh ngfl tieng Nhat su dung cac tfl chi 74 con vat thupc cac nhom dpng vat khac nhau,
trong do chie'm ti le nhieu nhat
la

thanh hai nhom la thanh ngfl khong
c6
thanh ngfl tieng Viet
tuong duong va thanh ngfl co thanh ngfl tieng
Viet
tuong duong. Nhom thfl
hai lai
co the
chia
thanh ba
tieu
nhom la 1) thanh ngfl tuong duong trong
hai
ngon ngfl deu dung tfl
chi
cung mPt
dPng
vat-
2) thanh ngfl tuuong
duona
trong
hai
ngon ngfl su dung tu
chi
cac dong vat khac nhau
va 3) thanh
n^fl
tieng Nhat su dung tfl chi dong vat nhung thanh ngfl tieng
Viet
tuong duong

ngQ dupe
khao sat.
20
CHUONG 4
MOT
SO
DAC
TRITNG vt
VAN HOA NHAT BAN
TUi HlfiN
QUA THANH NGU
Qua nhQng dac trung vd hinh thai, ciu tnic eua thanh
ngQ
tidng Nhat ndi chung va thanh ngQ
tidng Nhat ed tQ chi ddng vat ndi rieng da phan tich d chuang 2 va chuang 3 cd the nit ra mdt sd
nhan xet vd van hda
eiia
ngudi Nhat nhu sau.
1) Tu duy dan gidn, ngdn
gpn,
cdi gi khong cdn thiet thi khong noi
(Phin phan tfch cu the xem trong cudn tdan van
ciia
dd tai)
2) It neu ra ddc trung, tinh chdt cua con ngudi, su vat, hien tuang,
(Phin phan tich cu the xem trong cudn tdan van
ciia
di tai)
3) Tinh khong noi thdng
(Phin phan tich cu the xem trong cudn tdan van

tich
cu the xem trong cudn tdan van
ciia
de tai)
9) Nhieu ddc trung vdn hda khdc vdi vdn hoa Viet Nam
(Phin phan tfch cu the xem trong cudn tdan van
ciia
de tai)
21
K^TLUAN
1.
Tidng Nhat cd mdt sd lupng thanh ngQ tuong ddi
Idn.
Cung nhu thanh ngQ
ciia
cac ngdn
ngQ
khac, thanh ngu tidng Nhat la mdt dan vi ngdn ngu quan trpng, khdng the thidu dupe trong he
thdng cac dan vi ngdn ngQ
ciia
tidng Nhat, va khdng the khdng bidt dd'i vdi ngudi sir dung tidng
Nhat. Viec nghien cQu thanh ngQ tidng Nhat la cin thidt. Tuy
nhidn,
d Viet Nam
cho
den nay
nhQng
cdng trinh nghien cQu tidng Nhat ndi chung va nghien
cihi
thanh ngu tidng Nhat ndi rieng

gidi
thieu
mdt bQc tranh chung ve thanh ngQ tidng Nhat va xac dinh vi tri
ciia
dan vi dupe gpi la
''kanyoo
ku''
cua tidng Nhat trong mdi tuang quan ddi vdi don vi
"thanh
ngii:"
ciia
tidng Viet.
3.
Khao sat cac cdng trinh nghien cuu di trudc
ciia
cac nha Nhat ngu hpc Nhat Ban va phan
tfch cac quan diem dupe the
hien
trong cac cdng trinh nghien cuu nay cho thiy, mac
dii
viec
nghien cuu thanh ngQ tidng Nhat d Nhat Ban dupe
tidn
hanh cham hon nhieu so vdi thd gidi, cac
nha nghien cuu thanh ngQ d Nhat Ban vin khdng tranh khdi nhung vin de thudng gay tranh cai
trong gidi thanh ngQ hpc
ciia
cac thu tidng khac nhu dinh nghla, ten
gpi
va phan

la
cum ddng tQ (thanh ngu- ddng ngu). Ngdai ra cdn cd mdt sd thanh
ngu cd ciu tao khac, trong dd nhieu nhit la thanh ngu dang so sanh khdng xuat
hien
ye'u td so
sanh (thannh ngu dang
-nhu
B).
Die'm ndi bat trong nhdm nay la thanh ngu tieng Nhat hiu nhu
khdng cd ciu triic la tfnh ngu, hay ndi chinh xac hon la ti le thanh ngu cd cau tnic la
ciim
tfnh tu
trong tidng Nhat rat nhd so vdi tidng Viet: 0,1
%
so vdi 8,7
%
trong sd thanh ngu
dupe
khao sat,
tuc la tl le xuit hien
ciia
nhdm thanh ngu nay trong tieng Viet gap 87 lan so
vdi
tieng Nhat.
Xet tdng hop ca hai nhdm thanh ngu neu tren cho thay ba dauc die'm Idn
ciia
thanh ngu tieng
Nhat la tfnh tQ xuat
hien
rit ft, cau tao

cac dac didm sin cd eua con vat; 3) Dua vao hinh dung hay quan niem
ciia
con ngudi
v^
con vat.
6. Xet
tQ
gdc dd thanh ngQ tuang duang trong tidng Viet cho thiy thanh ngu tidng Nhat cd su
dung
tQ
chi ddng vat
dupe
chia thanh hai nhdm: thanh ngQ cd thanh ngQ tuong duong trong tidng
Viet va thanh ngQ khdng cd thanh ngu tuong duong trong tidng Viet. Nhdm thanh ngu khdng cd
thanh
ngQ
tuang duang trong tidng Viet chidm ti le 78,7 % trong tdng sd thanh ngu
dupe
khao sat.
Nhdm thanh ngQ cd thanh ngu tuong duang trong tidng Viet chidm
3i,3 %,
nhung trong nhdm
nay chi cd mdt sd
it
thanh ngu ma tQ chi ddng vat gid'ng nhau trong ca thanh ngQ tidng Nhat va
thanh ngQ tidng Viet tuang duong (chidm 28,3 % trong sd thanh ngu cd tuong duong va 0,86 %
trong sd thanh ngQ
dupe
khao sat). Didu dd cd nghla la neu xet ve y nghla tu vung
ciia

thd'ng ke nhung thanh ngu tidng Nhat cd va khdng cd thanh ngu tuong duong trong tidng Viet.
Dd la nhung dac diem chu yeu ve van hda Nhat Ban nit ra dupe qua nhihig dac trung vi
hinh
thai-
ciu
true
va ngQ nghia
ciia
thanh ngQ tidng Nhat.
Nhin
chung thi qua thanh ngQ cd the thiy
ring van hda Nhat Ban va van hda Viet Nam cd mdt sd diem tuong ddng, nhung nhimg diem bit
tuang d6ng thi nhieu han.
Vdi nhtmg kdt qua nghien cQu neu tren, chung tdi hi vpng de tai se giup fch dupe cho nhtrng
ai hpc tap, nghien
cihi
tidng Nhat ndi chung va thanh ngu tieng Nhat ndi rieng. Tuy nhien, thanh
ngQ li mdt dd tai rit rdng. Vdi bdi canh cdn rit ft cdng trinh nghien cuu vd tidng Nhat ndi chung
va thanh ngQ tidng Nhat ndi rieng nhu hien nay, cdng trinh nghien cuu nay mac du da khic hpa
dupe
nhOtig
net quan
U-png
ve thanh ngu tidng Nhat nhung vin chua day du. Con nhung vin dd
khac nhu ngudn gdc cua thanh ngu tie'ng Nhat,
each
sir dung
ciia
thanh ngu tidng Nhat, cac bie'n
the